Evolution&Security- the site on things which really matter

  • Who said first about oil&economy shrinking?

    The question could be about the chief-in-charge of the near future oil&gas along with nuke market shape. The recent IEA focus on efficiency investments in energy clears all ilusions. 

     

  • Zerwane więzi – odwrócony przykład społeczności Ike’ów

     

  • Postrach małych i dużych, czyli garść o wirusie ZIKA

    By Marta Koblańska, as a translator, the translation based on ,,Nature” published research, January 2021, edited April 30, 2026, photo: AI-generated neural structure, Pixabay

    Zakażenie wirusem Zika (ZIKV) kobiety w ciąży może skutkować samoistną utratą ciąży, koniecznością aborcji, urodzeniem martwego dziecka, zgonem dziecka po narodzinach albo wadami wrodzonymi, głównie mikrocefalią (małogłowiem) u dziecka. Ta ostatnia jest wadą wrodzoną. 

    Praca opublikowana w „Nature” w 2020/21 roku i przetłumaczona przez autorkę tekstu do 10 stycznia 2021 roku miała na celu zbadanie in situ (miejscowo) profilu odpowiedzi immunologicznej i mechanizmów uszkodzenia komórek neuronalnych/glejowych (neuronów oraz astrocytów pełniących określone i odrębne funkcje w mózgu, choć ich „działanie” w przypadku prawidłowej pracy jest ze sobą skorelowane – przyp. MK) w przypadkach mikrocefalii zakończonych zgonem. Próbki tkanki mózgowej zostały pobrane od 15 zmarłych noworodków. Próbki tkanki pobierano od 10 noworodków z mikrocefalią z pozytywnym wynikiem na obecność wirusa oraz od 5 noworodków pod kontrolą neonatologiczną z wynikiem negatywnym na obecność wirusa zmarłych z innych przyczyn. Struktura ośrodkowego układu nerwowego CNS została zachowana. W przypadkach mikrocefalii, czynniki histopatologiczne pochodzące z próbek tkankowych zostały scharakteryzowane w trzech obszarach/przedziałach ośrodkowego układu nerwowego CNS (opon mózgowo-rdzeniowych, przestrzeni okołonaczyniowej oraz miąższu). Odkryte zmiany to głównie zwapnienia, martwica, neuronofagia, glejoza, guzki mikrogleju oraz naciek zapalny komórek jednojądrzastych.

    Miejscowa odpowiedź immunologiczna przeciw Zika w ośrodkowym układzie nerwowym (CNS) nowonarodzonych jest złożona. Pomimo przeważającej ekspresji cytokin (czynników prozapalnych) Th2, inne cytokiny takie jak Th1, Th17, Treg, Th9 oraz Th22 są zaangażowane w proces degradacji komórkowej. W mniejszym stopniu, ale nadal mogą uczestniczyć w immunopatogennych mechanizmach choroby neuronów w przypadkach mikrocefalii spowodowanej przez ZIKV zakończonych zgonem. Mikrocefalia to w dużym uproszczeniu proces zmniejszania właściwej masy komórkowej mózgowia przy jednoczesnym zwiększaniu proporcji uwodnienia – przyp. MK. 

    Wprowadzenie

    Wirus Zika (ZIKV, rodzaj Flavivirus, rodzina Flaviviridae) został wyizolowany w 1947 roku z Macaca mulatta w Lesie Zika w Ugandzie i podobnie do innych flawiwirusów może powodować uszkodzenia płuc, nerek, wątroby i mózgu.

    W kontekście trudności prezentacyjnych, wiele badań obecnie próbuje scharakteryzować związek zakażenia ZIKV z zespołem Guillaina-Barrégo oraz mikrocefalią, jak również mechanizmy leżące u podstaw przekazywania wirusa drogą seksualną oraz wertykalną. Jednakże na poziomie CNS nadal istnieje wiele luk we współczesnym zrozumieniu mechanizmów przyczyniających się do mikrocefalii wywołanej zakażeniem wirusem ZIKA. Opisywane badanie w istotnym stopniu wyjaśnia owe zawiłości. 

    Niektóre badania już wcześniej udowodniły, że leżąca u podstaw stopniowej śmierci neuronów infekcja jest bezpośrednio związana z mikrocefalią, szczególnie z powodu produkcji dużej ilości białka caspage 3 w neuronach kory mózgowej. Jednakże z całym szacunkiem dla odpowiedzi immunologicznej, która zachodzi w mózgu noworodków z mikrocefalią, nie było wcześniej badań, które wykorzystałyby to podejście do problemu. W szczególności brakuje badań przyglądających się miejscowej odpowiedzi immunologicznej w tkance mikrośrodowiska. Ta odpowiedź immunologiczna jest ważna w kontekście zrozumienia immunopatogenezy obrażeń, jako że jest blisko związana z mechanizmami uszkodzenia tkanki wywoływanymi przez sam układ immunologiczny.

    Ponieważ ośrodkowy układ nerwowy CNS jest „uprzywilejowany” immunologicznie w kontekście głębokiej wybiórczości bariery krew-mózg pod względem kinetyki komórek i przepływu cytokin między krwią a tkanką, zbadanie miejscowego profilu odpowiedzi oraz mechanizmu uszkodzenia komórek neuronalnych jest istotne do zrozumienia patogenezy mikrocefalii powodowanej przez ZIKV. Dlatego też, poprzez rozpoznanie, że ten związek może rzucić nowe światło na immunopatogenezę schorzenia, praca naukowców opisuje badania lokalnego profilu odpowiedzi immunologicznej oraz mechanizmu uszkodzenia komórki neuronu u martwourodzonego noworodka oraz noworodków zainfekowanych ZIKV, które zmarły po urodzeniu.

    Wyniki

    Badanie było prowadzone na próbkach tkanki mózgowej pobranych od 10 przypadków mikrocefalii. Próbki pobrano od 8 noworodków (dwie dziewczynki i sześciu chłopców) z czasem przeżycia od 2 godzin do 27 dni (mediana jeden dzień) oraz dwojga martwo urodzonych noworodków (dziewczynka i chłopiec). Pięcioro pacjentów (cztery dziewczynki i jeden chłopiec) wykorzystano do kontroli próbek w badaniu.

    Opis głównych odchyleń histopatologicznych odkrytych u nowowrodków z mikrocefalią spowodowaną wirusem Zika

    Czynniki histopatologiczne próbek tkanki zostały scharakteryzowane przez zmiany oponowe, okołonaczyniowe oraz miąższowe. Przekrwienie naczyń i nacieki zapalne, składające się głównie z limfocytów i makrofagów, były obserwowane w oponach, przypominając wirusowe zapalenie opon mózgowych. Środowisko okołonaczyniowe wykazywało przekrwienie z różnym nasileniem, a naciek zapalny komórek jednojądrzastych nachodził na obszar Virchow-Robina. Analiza środowiska śródmiąższowego wykazała odchylenia o różnym nasileniu, w tym glejozę, zwapnienia, neuronofagię, martwicę, guzki mikrogleju, wakuolizację oraz zanik neuronów.

    Ocena immunohistochemiczna

    Zaobserwowanie koloru brązowego we fragmentach tkanki zostało zdefiniowane jako faktyczne barwienie immunologiczne do oceny różnych procesów, w tym mechanizmów uszkodzenia tkanki oraz odpowiedzi układu odpornościowego gospodarza w tkance uszkodzonej infekcją ZIKV.

    Barwienie immunologiczne białka caspase 3 w trzech analizowanych przedziałach (opon mózgowo-rdzeniowych, przestrzeni okołonaczyniowej oraz miąższu) istotnie się różniło w porównaniu z grupą kontrolną. Zwyżka ekspresji białka caspase 3 była szczególnie oznaczana w miąższu, zwłaszcza w przypadkach uszkodzenia komórek neuronalnych w korze mózgowej, w których głębokie barwienie było obserwowane w neuronach zwakualizowanych (o dużym nasyceniu wodą – przyp. MK) oraz apoptotycznych, czyli takich, w których zachodził proces programowanej śmierci komórki.

    Charakterystyka nacieku komórki

    Opis fenotypu miejscowego nacieku zapalnego ujawnił obecność komórek z antygenem i astrocytów (S100), komórek (CD57) naturalnie niszczących potencjał prozapalny w postaci komórek (NK), M1 makrofagów/mikrogleju (CD68), M2 makrofagów/mikrogleju (CD163), limfocytów T (CD8+, CD4+) oraz komórek regulacyjnych T (Treg) (FoxP3).

    Komórki z antygenem S100 zostały zaobserwowane w trzech analizowanych przedziałach. Odkryto znaczące różnice w porównaniu z grupą kontrolną. W przypadkach, w których obserwowano pogrubienie opon mózgowo-rdzeniowych oraz oznaczone unaczynienie, barwienie immunologiczne S100 było związane z obecnością antygenu znajdującego się w komórce. Takie ,,zmodyfikowane” komórki były odnajdywane w miąższu oraz przestrzeni okołonaczyniowej, jak również w obszarach kory mózgowej charakteryzujących się ubytkiem neuronów. W miąższu nerwowym głębokie immunobarwienie zaobserwowano w astrocytach gemistrocytarnych. (Astrocyty to komórki mózgowe – upraszczając- odpowiedzialne w toku przekształceń i wzrostu za funkcje motoryczne, czyli zdolność do poruszania, ale mogą mieć również udział w transmisji sygnałów słuchowych oraz generowaniu mowy – przyp. MK). 

    W trzech omawianych przedziałach, liczba komórek CD57 + NK (komórki prozapalne) była większa w jednojądrzastym nacieku zapalnym. Różnice były obserwowane w średniej liczbie komórek CD68 i CD163 – pozytywnych, które charakteryzują się odpowiednio obecnością M1 i M2 makrofagów/mikrogleju. Nie zanotowano istotnej różnicy w ekspresji CD68 w porównaniu z grupą kontrolną. Dla kontrastu, ekspresja CD163 była wyższa w przypadkach objawów stanu zapalnego opon i mózgu, czemu towarzyszyła silna proliferacja naczyniowa (rozrastanie się naczyń) oraz ogniskowa martwica w warstwie korowej.

    Półilościowa analiza subpopulacji limfocytów T (CD8, CD4) oraz komórek Treg (FoxP3) uwidoczniła zwiększoną ekspresję tych markerów w trzech przedziałach, zwłaszcza w obszarach wykazujących gęsty jednojądrzasty naciek.

    Profil cytokinowy i czynniki zaangażowane w odpowiedzi na stan zapalny

    Analiza profilu cytokinowego i czynników zapalnych w próbkach wykazała ekspresję cytokin: interferonów IFN-γ, IFN-α, IFN-β, interleukiny IL-6, IL-12A, IL-1β oraz czynnika martwicy nowotworów TNF-α; interleukiny IL-4, IL-10, IL-33, IL-37 oraz transformującego czynnika wzrostu beta 1 TGF-β1; interleukiny IL-9, IL-17, IL-23 oraz IL-22, jak również enzymów iNOS i arginazy 1 (enzymu z grupy hydrolaz). Istniała dominacja markerów Th2, którym towarzyszyły cytokiny prozapalne, iNOS, i arginaza 1. Wykazywały one zwiększoną ekspresję w wyszczególnionych trzech przedziałach w porównaniu z grupą kontrolną. W oponach mózgowo-rdzeniowych ekspresja komórkowa była znacząca w jednojądrzastym nacieku zapalnym, a przestrzeń okołonaczyniowa uwidoczniła podobny wzór immunobarwienia. Immunoekspresja iNOS, arginazy 1 i cytokin, szczególnie interleukinów IL-4, IL-10, IL-12A, IL-23 oraz IL-33, była bardziej intensywna w miąższu mózgu. Ekspresja była obserwowana w jednojądrzastym nacieku zapalnym, w obszarach zwakuolizowanych neuronów, w obszarach martwicy oraz w komórkach apoptotycznych.

    Wirus Zika jest czynnikiem zakaźnym, który wywoływał wiele razy niepokój na świecie i tzw. outbreaks (ogniska zapalne/epidemiczne – przyp. MK)  z powodu infekcji/zakażeń mogących spowodować śmierć płodu oraz powikłania u noworodków, w tym mikrocefalię. Rezultaty uzyskane w opisywanej pracy polegające na badaniu martwo urodzonych dzieci oraz noworodków, których zgon został spowodowany ZIKV, uwidoczniły rzeczywisty i złożony związek między odpowiedzią immunologiczną a występowaniem procesu niszczenia komórki. W tym badaniu głównymi rodzajami śmierci komórki były martwica i apoptoza. Jak piszą badacze, zaobserwowali oni, że immunoekspresja interleukin IL-4, IL-10, IL-33, enzymów iNOS, oraz arginazy 1 była zwiększona w przypadkach, w których neuronalna martwica w warstwie korowej okazywała się bardzo głęboka. Pośród tych markerów interleukina IL-33 może być kluczowym czynnikiem niezbędnym do dalszego objaśnienia genezy neuronalnej martwicy, jako że ta cytokina bezpośrednio uczestniczy w procesie nekroptozy będącej rodzajem zaprogramowanej śmierci komórki. (Paradoksalnie duże uwodnienie komórek mózgowia przyspiesza procesy martwicze z uwagi na obecność wirusa – przyp. MK). 

    Apoptoza jest prawdopodobnie kluczowym typem śmierci komórki zaangażowanym w wywołanie uszkodzenia CNS spowodowanego ZIKV. W obecnym badaniu ekspresja białka caspase 3 była zwiększona, szczególnie w miąższu obejmującym obszary kory mózgowej. Te odkrycia współistnieją z wynikami modeli eksperymentalnych in vitro oraz sugerują apoptozę jako główny czynnik śmierci komórki neuronalnej i zmniejszonej masy mózgowej u ludzi. Dodatkowo zwiększona ekspresja caspase 3, zwłaszcza w miąższu, korelowała pozytywnie z ekspresją zestawu cytokin, które bezpośrednio lub pośrednio są związane ze zjawiskiem procesu programowanej śmierci komórki.

    Fenotyp komórek wywołujących odpowiedź immunologiczną przeciw ZIKV w trzech opisywanych przedziałach składał się z antygenu obecnego w komórce i astrocytów (S100), komórek NK CD57), M1 makrogagów/mikrogleju (CD68), M2 makrofagów/mikrogleju (CD163), limfocytów T (CD4+, CD8+) oraz komórek Treg (FoxP3). Immunobarwienie dla S100 w oponach mózgowo-rdzeniowych i przestrzeni okołonaczyniowej wskazywało, że astrocyty okołonaczyniowe oraz komórki z antygenem mogą aktywnie uczestniczyć w odpowiedzi neurozapalnej. Kilka badań nad flawiwirusami zaraportowało bezpośredni związek komórek z antygenem z wywołaniem neurodestrukcyjnego procesu z powodu neurozapalenia. W modelu eksperymentalnym odnotowano, że ZIKV infekuje ogromną liczbę astrocytów obecnych w warstwach korowych oraz subkorowych.

    Interesującym odkryciem jest to, że zakażenie astrocytów było blisko związane ze zwiększoną ekspresją genu AXL. Innym aspektem, który został poddany dyskusji w kontekście wydłużonej infekcji astrocytów (zakażenia wirusem, czyli wiązaniami między białkami struktur mózgowia a wirusowymi – przyp. MK), jest to, że odporność ZIKV (silna budowa genetyczna – przyp. MK) może prowadzić do zwiększonej obecności wirusa w warstwie korowej i zakażenia dodatkowych komórek kory mózgowej (zwiększonej ilości wirusa w mózgu, gdyż proces namnażania trwa – przyp. MK). Co więcej, badania udowodniły, że utrata astrocytów w korze mózgowej może wywołać powstanie procesu zapalnego, uogólnioną śmierć komórki oraz zmniejszenie gęstości gleju i populacji neuronów. To zaś ostatecznie skutkuje powstaniem zwapnień, które są powszechnie odkrywane w przypadkach wrodzonych zakażeń i mikrocefalii z powodu ZIKV.

    Autorka powyższego tłumaczenia dziękuje badaczom oraz redakcjom pisma i serwisu online „Nature” za możliwość przetłumaczenia badania na język polski.  Jednocześnie zastrzega, aby w razie potrzeby uzyskania dodatkowych wyjaśnień lub informacji zwracać się bezpośrednio do lekarzy zajmujących się leczeniem mikrocefalii (jest to możliwe) albo naukowców.

  • What is the Iran War about and what for?

    By Marta Koblanska, April 27, 2026, 12:00 Poland’s time, Photo: pumping oil, thanks to TyliJura, Pixabay

    The more oil you have, the less water you drink. Conversely, the more water you need, the better your weapon becomes, unless your technology does not require that much water – a piece of the story about the war with Iran.

    The US President Donald Trump is struggling to convince the world that his stance against Iran is right and the measures he has undertaken are justified. The major argument includes the nuclear power Iran can possess, along with the enrichment of uranium, the key ingredient for both energy and weapon production. The next or the first oil comes as the prices surge in regions where America would rather seek, if not support, at least understanding. Unexpectedly for some, in line with the mostly binding church message, the Pope turned out to be an ignoramus in foreign policy, leaving the space just for the one leader, self-proclaimed – Donald Trump.

    Fighting against Iran is tough, as is fighting against Israel, although the latter represents Western values in the Middle East. In the past, many armies attempted to conquer the cradle of philosophy, home to one of the greatest philosophers ever – Zarathustra. None of them succeeded. And now, as Iran is fighting for the dignity of the whole Islamic World, where sometimes you can have an impression, it is not clear who is shooting at whom and why, Israel, backed by the US, is fighting exactly about the same. The balance is complicated and often not clear for most of the audience, including the author of this analysis.

    The Israeli state began in 1948 with a colossal effort of the Israeli people whose survival throughout World War Second was a miracle. They were not warmly welcomed by the Arabian countries, which continuously rubbed their nose in it. However, Arabs were not wholly aware of the Israeli fate during World War II. Paradox, but the only state which was aware of the situation was Iran, which decided to help, as well as, unfortunately, that might have also been Palestine. Israel had to hear vows to push them back into the sea, and this is how the Middle East conflict originally started. Someone eventually said stop and let the Israeli stay. The country could have been Saudi Arabia after confirmation that the long-standing so-called gossip spreading around about the Gehenna of the Israeli people was true.

    Recently, the bilateral talks between Israel and Lebanon started with a hope for a firm solution between one country digging out another. The images from Lebanon are not very nice, still not so touchy, as those from Palestine. But, stunning, Lebanon could be crucial to achieving peace in the Middle East and may play a significant role in resolving the Palestinian issue, especially if Israel halts its bombings. It’s important to note that US-Iran negotiations are largely independent of the situation involving Lebanon and Hezbollah. However, reaching a resolution may require substantial concessions that may not be well-received by Israel’s neighbouring countries. Unfortunately, after targeting a water distillation facility in Kuwait, Israel may adopt an even firmer stance.

    Back to Iran and its uranium enrichment programme, I would suggest carefully checking what the key components of the process are. The more of them Iran needs, the less is left for others. Anyway, this is not a major problem. The main problem is that, anytime after Arabic countries, Israel, and Iran manage to secure their water needs, someone is all of a sudden leaving the club and starts to jeopardise the quotas with the arguments – we need a bit more. Another scenario involves the fact of digging long horizontal tunnels deep underground, which, due to the geological structure of the land in many parts of the Middle East, often contaminates drinking water or causes it to disappear. For those who are interested, why is oil production in the Middle East the cheapest in the world? Due to the land structure, the reservoirs are easily accessible to the surface/stretch what makes oil and gas very easy to extract. However, as natural gas requires water for production and water is more valuable in the Middle East than oil, the method of oil extraction there had to be changed or was supposed to be changed. Except for Iran in terms of the geological land structure, which, although it has to be more focused on getting out the fossils, secures the most valuable fuel for some economic sectors, with jet and marine fuel as the leaders. So, both straits’ blockades would be a real disaster not only for the oil-importing countries but also for the leading troublemakers, the US, first of all.

    Iran, which in some sense subsidised Western markets by not charging the oil transporting vessels for passing through Hormuz, now starts to require tolls. And in the view of the author of this writing, it is justified, no matter what the US and the rest are thinking. In these oil-crossing fees, as well as the programme of Iranian uranium enrichment, there could be seen many premises of the fragile-suspended conflict. Whether Iran should have a nuclear weapon or not, while officially around 10 countries in the world have about 13 thousand nuclear missiles, according to reports, is an open question. In 2022, the treaty against the spread of nuclear weapons was ratified by a total of 66 countries. The US and Russia can have about 4.5 thousand 100-kiloton missiles, while India and Pakistan have around 500 each. However, bringing Iran to the leverage does not represent anyone’s interest. The US, although continuously the strongest and leading superpower (check what currency is strengthening short-term, not matter if oil price goes up or down, especially when a military conflict is looming, anyway the other one seen as most firm can stabilize medium-term due to, let’s say, more modern fuels structure) promised recently not to use nuclear weapons against Iran. Whether this time it is true, as not so long ago a couple of the heaviest bombers were deceptively directed toward the Middle East, the compromise will of the sides can show.

    Disclaimer: This analysis reflects only the author’s perspective. For professional insights, please consult the relevant experts.

  • Security of oil supply to Poland, 2003 – smells like a mouse or makes a mouse the looser

    By Marta Koblańska, April 2003, Photo: Oil well extraction, Pixabay

    Whether the world has changed and stopped being a playground of tensions between groups with different interests. The answer can be partially found below.

    Thanks firstly to the British Council and the Reuters Foundation Programme for enabling me to come to Oxford and conduct the research. Many thanks to Paddy Coulter and Jenny Darnley for their support and kindness.

    I am particularly grateful to Robert Mabro, the director of the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, who had patience with me and helped me to complete the project. I would like to thank him for the support and encouragement. I would like to thank Jonathan Stern, who kindly agreed to be my supervisor. His comments opened my thinking and did not let my brain remain fixed.

    I would like to thank also Jan Krzysztof Bielecki, John Mitchell, Serguei Popov and Taras Sobolev who agreed to provide their knowledge of oil issues.

    Many thanks to Rajeev Desphande and Hedwig Kainberger who helped me to polish the language.

    Introduction

    As Martin Woolf 1pointed out, the world’s economy runs on oil and people have a right to fight for stable supplies. This means supplies at reasonable prices, which would guarantee economical performance and prove beneficial for citizens of the world.

    Without getting into the question of equitable development, it could be more necessary to answer the question of whether the world has changed and stopped being a playground of tensions between groups with different interests. If not, then there remains an ongoing fight for hegemony between some countries, and only the fighting tools may be technologically and economically superior.

    After the Second World War, the frontier of the conflict was clear: on the one side was the Soviet Union, having “captured” Eastern and South European peoples and then trying to export its ideology and the centrally planned economy to other parts of the world. On the other side of the fence was the United States with its alliance with Western Europe, representing democracy and market economies. The West, which stood for democracy and high living standards, was, however, seen by Eastern Europeans as having “sacrificed” nations and people to the east of the Iron Curtain. This rich Western part of the world got its citizens used to a certain way of political expression, a certain standard of living and values, which altogether are more or less a product of the technological and economic development of those societies and value systems.

    These values were always difficult to give up, and a worsening standard of living always meant political troubles. As the world’s economy runs on oil and the resources are unfairly spread among countries, it is but natural that oil-importing countries would like to be assured of secure supplies. Reasonable oil prices make business cheaper, which contributes to higher demand for other goods and services, making financial markets smile, as people have more spare money to invest in successful companies. The economic boom is good for these people because when they retire, they benefit in terms of maintaining the high standards of living that they have been used to. Economic boom also makes the job of politicians easier. They do not need to worry about how to deal with unemployment and poverty. They do not know how to share the money of a sparse budget. When the economy is doing well, Western politicians can win elections by giving more privileges and thus satisfy their electorate.

    The troubles start when the economy is going down or in the case of oil disruption, which, as “ petrol is vital for the functioning of the economy like bread” 2, is likely to lead to social demands, if not social conflict.

    After the collapse of communism, politicians and nations announced a new order for the world and a new basis for political and economic partnership. Some of the former Soviet Union satellites, including Poland, the Czech Republic, and Hungary, became members of NATO, an organization which was believed to guarantee security in the case of a military threat, as it had been created after the Second World War in order to “ bring the French in, keep the Germans down and keep the Russians out”3. Along with democracy spreading through the former Soviet bloc, political stability and efficient economies became factors determining membership of the “rich club”.

    But those countries, including Poland, which have not forgotten petrol quotas, electricity shortage, and the Soviet Union’s domineering threatening attitudes and postures – including the possibility of oil supply cut-offs — the new realities do not appear so certain. The societies of former Soviet satellites have not forgotten that attempts to deviate from the imposed political line and command economy resulted in threats. And despite the political situation in Central and Eastern Europe having drastically changed after the fall of communism, fears of being at the receiving end of an “oil weapon” are still widely shared in the region, including Poland.

    A question whether oil supply is secured for countries, which through a historic turn of events face a new future, remains widely relevant. Whether the oil supply security has been significantly enhanced after the changes and whether it will be further enhanced after accession to the European Union still constitutes a vital issue. The answers to this debate remain subject to assessments and speculation. This does not reduce the implications of oil security on the unity between eastern and western Europe.

    Full paper, including the literature and interviewers’ names, under the link below (Word version exported to PDF). The original language has not been changed.

    I would like to dedicate this to my parents for supporting me throughout my undergraduate studies, caring tenderly for one underage, and to my friends who shared in my joy and happiness just after the qualification. (I had three universities in the UK to study at, but have been very encouraged to go to Oxford during the final interview, even though my overall IELTS score was 6.5). I am also grateful to all those who gave me valuable advice on how to conduct myself and seek a job with the leader of the British Council when I needed help. Additionally, I would like to thank Lux-Med for providing me with a special and very generous health care offer after I requested to join the alumni society of British universities in Warsaw. Lastly, I would like to acknowledge Jan Krzysztof Bielecki for the references that I never received, as well as the sponsor who, unfortunately, misallocated his funds, as I turned out to be discreditable from the honor of being among Oxford Alumni. (Not to mention the European Commission pre-accession training). Anyway, best regards for Mr Luptak!

  • How the new human begins

    By Marta Koblanska, February 24, 2025, 13:30 Poland’s time, photo: illustration of conception/fertilization, the flagellum of the sperm cell remains outside the ovum, thanks to videomediaart, Pixabay

    The known rate of embryo defects is 13.2 percent; still, this rate is increasing as new mutant genes responsible for these defects are identified.

    Human fertility and the stages of development have not been fully understood. Numerous genetic and environmental factors play a role in the successful formation of a healthy zygote, morula, blastocyst, and embryo, ultimately leading to a fetus and a child capable of living outside the womb. 

    Recent research from Fudan University in China, titled “Genetic Landscape of Human Oocyte/Embryo Defects,” published in ,,Cell Genomics”, sheds more light on this issue. The study highlights that both reproduction and infertility can be influenced by genetic factors to some extent. Approximately 47 percent of embryo defects are linked to specific gene mutations that primarily contribute to infertility and result in significant developmental challenges.

    The first reported pathogenic gene associated with the most common and typical oocyte defects is TUBB8, which encodes a specific beta-tubulin protein found in primates, including humans. This protein plays a crucial role in spindle assembly during cell division. TUBB8 is involved in both mitosis (the division of somatic cells, which are non-reproductive cells) and meiosis (the division of gametes) at the early stages of organism development. It is essential for oocyte maturation, a process by which an immature sex cell, known as an oocyte, develops into an ovum in the ovary, with its release regulated by the Graafian follicle. Additionally, TUBB8 contributes to maintaining the correct structure of the cytoskeleton.

    This process occurs after chromosomes are successfully transported to opposite ends of a cell, a movement that takes place during both mitosis and meiosis. While mitosis is essential for maintaining genetic stability and serves as a foundational step for further development, meiosis supports growth and differentiation. However, this does not imply that random mistakes during development cannot be self-corrected. The initial stage after conception, known as cleavage, occurs through mitosis. Nevertheless, if a cytoskeleton is not present to provide structural support, growth becomes very limited or even impossible.

    In the study led by the Chinese scientists, which included 3627 patients in the cohort, the most common cases of defects represented oocyte defects (42,9 percent), among those 6,8 percent cases pertained to abnormal fertilization and 50,3 percent embryonic arrest. The contribution rate of tubulin protein to oocyte defects was approximately 10 percent, according to scientists.

    Interestingly, both oocyte DNA fragmentation and sperm DNA fragmentation can lead to miscarriage, even though conception and some development occur. The explanation for this is very simple. A new human begins as a two-cell zygote formed from an egg (ovum) and sperm, which then divides into a four-cell stage and subsequently into a morula. During this process, which involves RNA and DNA, mistakes can happen. Furthermore, Chinese scientists have identified not only the previously defined gene set of 37 but also an additional 123 novel candidate genes that may be responsible for oocyte and embryo defects.

    – Oocyte defects primarily included infertility resulting from the production of immature oocytes, including empty follicle syndrome, zona pellucida defects, oocyte maturation defects, morphological defects, and so forth. Abnormal fertilization was defined as the absence of normal zygotes (2PN) after IVF/ICSI, mainly manifested by multiple pronuclei or no pronuclei formation. Embryonic arrest was defined as the inability of embryos to develop into normal eight-cell embryos or blastocysts, as well as recurrent implantation failures of viable embryos, says Lei Wang, the lead researcher of the study.

  • Rosja w polskiej pigułce

    By Marta Koblanska, February 9, 2026, 12:00 Poland’s time, photo: sunflowers, thanks to Pixabay

    Kiedy podajesz paszport na granicy, w żołądku pojawiają się mrówki. Rybie oczy mierzą na wskroś twoją postać, jak gdyby miała za chwilę zniknąć. To moje pierwsze wrażenia z dawnego Kaliningradu.

    Jednak za granicą krajobraz jest właściwie podobny. Może trochę bardziej płasko. Różnice uświadamiasz sobie, gdy autobus mija starsze kobiety z lokalnymi potrawami w słoikach oraz w toalecie dworcowej na tzw. narciarza. Dworzec pełen drewnianych budek z alkoholem w kartonach. Często metylowym. Ale za to przed wejściem miłe staruszki z pierogami z mięsem. Do dziś je pamiętam. Tak były pyszne, choć znajomy Rosjanin zniechęcał na wszelkie możliwe sposoby, że niby farsz lekko przegnił. Zresztą podobno bezpieczniej do wszelkiej konsumpcji zastosować wysokoprocentową odtrutkę. To w telegraficznym skrócie Kaliningrad (nie wiem, dlaczego w Polsce zmieniono nazwę na Królewiec o brzmieniu nawiązującym do tradycji monarchistycznych) 30 lat temu. Byłam tam chyba dwa razy, na szczęście z byłym już narzeczonym oraz raz ze znajomym pochodzącym z Republiki Komi. To on powiedział mi po stronie polskiej, upewniając się, że szlaban został opuszczony i nikt nie będzie ścigał (do Rosji łatwiej wjechać niż z niej wyjechać), że choć mieszka już w Polsce jakiś czas zupełnie legalnie, to zawsze przy przekraczaniu granicy z Rosją czuje lęk, że już stamtąd nie wróci.

    Czy teraz jest inaczej? Na pewno trochę tak, bo Rosjanie wstydzili się tej swojej ,,inności”. Są więc markowe sklepy, supermarkety, lepsze autobusy miejskie i lepsze samochody. Rosjanie wyjeżdżają na zagraniczne wakacje. Niektórzy naprawdę dużo zarabiają. Wielu bardzo dobrze zna i rozumie europejską, czy też inaczej mówiąc – zachodnią kulturę. Niemniej Rosja nadal pozostaje tzw. Przedmurzem. I nie ma na nią reguł możliwych do umocowania tak w sferze Wschodu, jak i Zachodu. Dlaczego?

    Wbrew twierdzeniom wielu, Rosja jest bardzo dobrze zorganizowanym państwem, niemniej o strukturze trudnej do zaakceptowania przez społeczeństwa demokratyczne. Ma to swoje korzenie w historii, a przede wszystkim w 300-letnim okresie tzw. Wielkiej Smuty, kiedy prężnie rozwijający się kraj został opanowany przez Mongołów – tzw. Złota Orda. Z tego okresu, a konkretnie od czasów Jarosława Mądrego, wywodzi się sposób rządzenia ludźmi i państwem, które w końcu zostało odzyskane, choć niezupełnie uwolnione od wpływów Wschodu. Tradycji demokratycznych Rosja nie ma, około 40-letni okres przymusowej służby wojskowej najniższych warstw, zazwyczaj chłopskich oraz cztery tomy historii napisanej przez Bazylowa, którą każdy Rosjanin musi przeczytać, zapamiętać i zdać, tworzą mieszankę iście wybuchową. Do tego dochodzą rosyjska duma, ale też kompleksy zarówno wobec Zachodu, jak i Wschodu. Niemniej Rosjanie, w przeciwieństwie do wielu Polaków są na Zachodzie lubiani, choć ta sympatia jest też wykorzystywana do tzw. Przeciągania liny na swoją stronę.

    Wbrew oczekiwaniom Zachodu marne są szanse, aby Rosja stała się krajem demokratycznym w powszechnym rozumieniu. Pisał już o tym, zdaje się, Karol Bohdanowicz, jeden z najsłynniejszych i najlepszych polskich geologów, któremu zarówno Rosja, jak i Polska zawdzięczają odkrycia wielu kluczowych dla rozwoju gospodarczego surowców. Powód jest bardzo prosty. Za ścianą są Chiny. Nie wiem, czy którekolwiek państwo europejskie chciałoby mieć takiego sąsiada, nic nie ujmując ani prezydentowi, ani obywatelom Chin. Raczej płonna jest też nadzieja, że Rosję da się „oswoić”, co nie oznacza, że negocjacje są zbędne. 

    Ukraińska Agencja Informacyjna alarmowała o outagach, czyli wyłączeniach z systemu energetycznego określonych obszarów Ukrainy po rosyjskich atakach. Nie znam obecnej sytuacji na froncie, ponieważ różne źródła różnie ją przedstawiają. Amerykański prezydent stwierdził jednak niedawno, że jego ,,zabezpieczeniem” staje się Polska. Niemniej termin zakończenia wojny na Ukrainie został wyznaczony na czerwiec tego roku. Jeśli Ukrainie uda się uniknąć całościowego wyłączenia systemu energetycznego w zimie, choć koszty ludzkie są ogromne, termin jest na korzyść Ukrainy. Z drugiej strony, ciepła wiosna z lekkim wiatrem może przynieść innym nieprzyjemny zapach tak ukraińskich, jak i rosyjskich trupów. Linia demarkacyjna dla Polski i krajów bałtyckich? Pozostawiam ocenę ekspertom. 

     

  • A new approach to correcting errors. The way to modify the body blocks

    By Marta Koblańska, January 29, 2026, 16:00 Poland’s time. The Author of the photo: Ruijin Ji, Cell Reports 

    By modifying the conversion of purine bases that constitute a body’s template for growth and health, it may be possible to cure the most damaging illnesses, according to scientists in China.

    China is well-known for its farsighted medical experiments. The country also has more flexible legal rules to conduct them, while it has switched toward conditions for experiments from ex vivo to in vivo. The recent outcomes have shown awesome achievement. In the new study published on January 20, 2026, in the journal ,,Cell Reports Medicine,” scientists present a new approach, thus based on previous discoveries of the CRISPR approach to the naturally occurring process of DNA and RNA repairing due to random or facilitated mistakes/errors, which may lead to various deficits or health problems in eukaryotes.

    The major achievement is thus that using biological/genetic engineering, we can change the location or conversion of purine bases in a given section of our DNA or RNA, with an emphasis on the single-stranded nucleic acid RNA. And this is absolutely newest, as previously, the CRISPR tool, technologically enhanced, was first of all dedicated to cutting off the damaged fragments of the genome, thus enabling elimination of fatal or health-destroying mistakes.

    These purine bases, being a rather stable template of us, build up the deoxyribonucleic acid DNA and ribonucleic acid RNA. There are four purine bases for each template, which bind with each other or other compounds, as well as convert in a certain way. The incredibility of the Chinese experiment is based on the repair potential during an editing window, when an insertion is performed by infusion of curing nuclease/deaminase solution to the harmed/degraded location in the genome.

    What is absolutely overwhelming?

    The DNA or RNA templates are not stiff building blocks, but rather act as dynamic transforming substrates; the damage in the process of transformation or the degradation of the base acids can be reversed, for now, in laboratory conditions. The template accepts the donated infusion and undertakes the task of further transformation in line with the newly passed instruction. At the same time, the modified location is avoiding,, error-prone repaired pathways”, as scientists write.

    Why is this experiment/study so important?

    Some may say it represents a strong interference into the chemical and biological processes, which enable the constituting future cell proliferation and growth by grasping the primordial single-strand RNA base, yet during a specified phase of its transformation. The truth is also that RNA errors can later lead to breaks in the double-stranded DNA. The authors of the study say that the editing of the template base via insertions or deletions of a chemically isolated and biologically active solution/base (MK’s note) without cutting both DNA strands in the body, which is aimed to be edited (MK’s note), offers potential therapy, when permanent DNA changes are undesirable.

    Beyond nucleases that induce double-stranded breaks (DSBs), platforms such as base and prime editors enable precise nucleotide substitutions, insertions, or deletions without cutting both DNA strands. Base editors enable single-nucleotide changes without generating DSBs or requiring donor DNA templates, write Ruijin Ji, Quibing Chen, Ying Zhang of Zhongnan Hospital, TaiKang Centre for Life and Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety, University of Wuhan, China.

    The key to the study represents nucleases and adenosine deaminases, acting on RNA (ADAR) enzymes, which enable transient RNA base conversions. In short words, you add a block/molecule in the place that originally has been damaged, or you remove a block/molecule that inhibits the endogenous repair pathway of DNA. And you can take it from a prehistoric organism – a virus which is built only from a single-stranded RNA and called an organism in transition between living and dead, or a bit more advanced – bacteria being recognised as living.

    All of the engineering is possible under the condition that you can do it on time, i.e., in a certain phase of division, which ( a paradox) leads to the growth or conversion, during which the purine bases (specified either in structure or in pairs they bind to or cleave) can change.

    How do the authors of the study describe their achievement?

     – Two major classes of base editors have been developed. Cytosine base editors (CBEs) mediate C⋅G-to-T⋅A conversions by deaminating cytosine to uracil, creating a U⋅G mismatch that is resolved as a T⋅A pair by DNA polymerase. An uracil glycosylase inhibitor (UGI) is often included to prevent uracil excision and enhance editing efficiency. Adenine base editors (ABEs) convert A⋅T to G⋅C by using an evolved adenosine deaminase (derived from Escherichia coli TadA) to deaminate adenine into inosine, which is read as guanine by the DNA polymerase. Base editing occurs within a defined editing window of the single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), where the sgRNA hybridises with the target strand, displacing the non-target strand and exposing PAM-distal nucleotides as ssDNA.These nucleotides are accessible to the deaminase, and their compatibility with the catalytic domain determines the efficiency, position, and specificity – write Ruijin Ji, Quibing Chen, Ying Zhang, who equally contributed to the research.

     – A major challenge in the clinical application of genome editing tools lies in the efficient and targeted delivery of CRISPR tools to specific cells or tissues. Effective delivery systems must ensure high intracellular uptake while minimising cytotoxicity, immune activation, and off-target delivery. Current approaches can be broadly categorised into three classes: physicochemical methods, viral vectors, and non-viral platforms, each with distinct advantages and limitations, claim scientists.

    The work was supported by the Chinese public institutions and organisations, as well as postdoctoral programmes.

     

     

  • Why the Iranian regime must change and Americans keep away

    By Marta Koblanska, January 13, 2026, 20:00 Poland’s time, photo: lipsticks, aleksandra85foto, Pixabay

    People on the Iranian streets await, in the meantime, being shot the America’s intervention. America is not going to come unless the Iranian leader cures his blindness.

    The story of Iran begins long ago. The author of this writing is not fully aware of the early history of Iran or the significant changes that have occurred throughout its past, particularly regarding the vital cultural lines in Persia and the ancient Middle East. Nevertheless, ancient Iran allowed women to enhance their beauty by covering their mouths with red lipstick, making it one of the first places in the world to produce cosmetics for this purpose. The reasons and timing behind the changes in these practices, as well as their impact on maintaining national identity and values, are questions best addressed by experts.

    One way or another, Poland should be particularly grateful to the Iranian people. After the Sikorski-Majski deal during the Second World War, when dirty and thirsty Anders’ Army was leaving/departing the Soviet Union and was kicking out of any territory it moved to, the Iranian people and Iran were those who helped the Poles to survive and allowed them to stay. 

    The Poles had no uniforms, shoes, or cutlery when at night and in portions were silently crossing the Russian Territory, although waiting for those who could escape the Siberian frost. All of them, including Generals Władysław Sikorski and Władysław Anders, were in fear that Soviet authorities would change their mind, and those they were knocking to were also afraid. And, in fact, the exodus of Poles from Soviet friendly ground has eventually been stopped in silence.

    This is why not all Poles could leave Russian territory with General Władysław Anders. Indeed, at the beginning, the Sikorski-Majski deal stipulated that all Poles on Russian Territory were to leave, but afterwards the agreement was changed to – as many as possible. General Władysław Sikorski, because of that, was named by some (also by Poles) as a traitor. But his deal opened the way to the Berling Army, which also enabled Poles to leave the Soviet Union.

    Whether the Iranian people wanted anything in exchange, or not, for sheltering the first Polish Army, we should have asked Ryszard Kapuściński. He might have been the only witness eligible to write about the Iranian Revolution after the Second World War ended.

    Now, despite America’s strong interest in smashing the Iranian cruel regime, Poland should be careful; however, at the same time, it might be the one that could perceive Iranian Islamists feeding the secret services (do not mess up with Muslims) not to kill people who just want to live the way almost everybody lives, now. The other one is Russia, which maintains good relations with Iran and might even better understand its policies, along with the regime’s secrets. Still, the death toll in Iran is frightening.

    A long time ago, I had an opportunity to visit the Iranian Embassy in Warsaw, or it was just an accidental meeting somewhere else with one of the top Iranian leaders at that time. The conversation was short. He was not very nice, although the overall impression remained good. I have no idea what his impression of me was. It might not have been a positive image, as I am usually awful. Nevertheless, if I remember correctly, the conversation included the Polish Army and the image change step by step. The main takeaway was that we did it (helped) against everyone.

    Now, when people on Iranian streets are dying, my first reaction is to help against the Iranian leader. Iran, of course, says – this is America’s fault because they want to impose on us the lifestyle we do not want. America says – we bring democracy and freedom. The Iranian people want them. The Iranian leader would reply – I know what is best for my people. (The result we can count). America’s leader would say – I know what’s best for America and my people, and the Iranian leader is a threat. The Russian leader would say – I know nothing, but leave Iran independent.

  • Propozycje badawcze z roku 2009/2010 – Po co nam ten gaz?

    By Marta Koblańska, 2009/2010, Photo: palnik gazowy, Pixabay

    Stopień zaawansowania cywilizacyjnego może być widziany jako umiejętność użytkowania energii.

    Człowiek, aby odnaleźć swoje miejsce we współczesnym świecie musi dostosować się do wymogów stawianych mu przez zmieniające się otoczenie i cywilizację, w której żyje. Według Leslie White’a człowiek nie buduje kultury, ale jest ona niezależnym systemem, którego reguły są internalizowane. Człowiek z kolei stara się według nich postępować z obawy przed wykluczeniem za złamanie tabu. Współczesne nam tabu świetnie opisuje Alfred Radcliffe-Brown. Kultura wytwarza pewne wartości – najsilniej przyswajane przez człowieka, wartości, dla zachowania i spełnienia których, człowiek jest gotów poświęcić wiele z danej mu i pozyskiwanej przez niego energii.

    Według White’a to umiejętność wytwarzania, pozyskania i zastosowania nadwyżek energii przez grupę kulturową, obecnie naród zorganizowany w państwo, warunkuje rozwój tejże grupy, jej zmianę rozumianą jako postęp. Jest on osiągany między innymi poprzez udoskonalanie narzędzi, którymi posługuje się człowiek od chwili swojego wyewoluowania ułatwiając sobie w ten sposób życie w danym kręgu kulturowym. Stopień zaawansowania cywilizacyjnego może być widziany, jak sądzą niektórzy, jako umiejętność użytkowania energii, umiejętność jej pozyskania w wystarczającej ilości i odpowiedniej formie dla zapewnienia jak największej liczbie ludzi, obywatelom dostępu do ułatwień technologicznych stanowiących nieodzowne elementy postępu interpretowanego, na przykład, jako ilość wolnego czasu. Ten czas może być spożytkowany na rozwój pasji, zainteresowań, na zajęcie się wychowaniem dzieci, czy też konsumpcję. Poprzez powyższy mechanizm surowce energetyczne, takie jak gaz ziemny stają się swoistego rodzaju wartościami, przywiązanie do których wynika z przywiązania do sposobu życia, czy też aspiracji, do osiągnięcia poziomu życia pozwalającego na samorealizację, czy też dostęp do liczniejszych produktów cywilizacji.

    Współcześnie, pomimo zróżnicowania kulturowego na różnych poziomach organizacji grup ludzkich, czy też różnych podstawach przeważających w tejże organizacji – jak pisał Claude Levi-Strauss – podstawie pokrewieństwa, czy też jak chcieli jego oponenci podstawie stosunków produkcji, liderzy społeczni- rządy dążą do zapewnienia narodom, z których się wywodzą, surowców energetycznych niezbędnych do sprostania wymogom dzisiejszego świata – wytwarzania ciepła, paliw, półproduktów do dalszego wytwarzania lekarstw, nawozów, tekstyliów. Dzisiejsza cywilizacja w większym też stopniu polega na mobilności.  Można zaobserwować swego rodzaju zależność między stopniem jej rozwoju rozumianym jako np. liczba ludzi żyjących na sposób nam znany, a liczbą tychże, którzy mogą np. podróżować. Percepcja wolnego czasu i chęć przeznaczenia go na samo podróżowanie współcześnie również jest inna – chcemy wykorzystywać ten czas na samo poznanie, nie na ruch, choć paradoksalnie nasza zdolność ruchu, przemieszczania się jest warunkiem koniecznym poznania – nowych miast, państw, kultur, sposobu życia. Często mobilność jest warunkiem koniecznym naszego uczestnictwa we współczesnym świecie– migracje zarobkowe. Tak, czy inaczej, do tego niezbędne jest paliwo. Podobnie jak do produkcji tworzyw sztucznych, których dostępność poprzez w coraz większym zasięgu akceptowalną cenę dla coraz większych mas ludności dają im szansę włączenia się w nurt swoistej wspólnoty cywilizacyjnej. Paliwo pozyskuje się zgodnie z przesłankami ekonomicznymi i technologicznym zaawansowaniem z węgla, ropy naftowej i gazu ziemnego, przy czym ten ostatni, daje najmniejszą emisję zanieczyszczeń w przeliczeniu na uzyskiwaną z niego jednostkę ciepła. Cena surowców kopalnych umiejscawia alternatywne źródła energii w przyszłości, choć z drugiej strony rośnie ich rola z powodu coraz głośniejszych postulatów wliczania tych tradycyjnych do rachunku kosztów środowiskowych.

    Surowce są więc niezbędne do utrzymania tempa rozwoju, który warunkuje funkcjonowanie człowieka we współczesnej kulturze, we współczesnym mu społeczeństwu, a nie poza nim, przez to stają się swoistą wartością, status quo, który musi wyznaczać linię postępowania polityków, którzy chcąc rządzić muszą utrzymać lub polepszyć stopę życia jak największej liczby członków danego społeczeństwa, bo tylko odczuwalny dobrobyt warunkuje sukces w kolejnych wyborach.

    W swojej pracy chciałabym zbadać możliwości państwa polskiego odnośnie pozyskania i wykorzystania gazu ziemnego, niezbędnego do budowania postępu cywilizacyjnego – sposobu życia Polaków w czasie komunizmu i po przemianach w 1989 roku, Według White’a ilość energii pozyskanej oraz wielkość potrzeb człowieka, grupy, w której żyje oraz liczba wytwarzanych dóbr na jednostkę energii zależy od wydajności narzędzi, za pomocą których energia ta jest wprowadzana do użytku. Chciałabym przeanalizować narzędzia – rozumiejąc je nie tylko jako narzędzia materialne -, którymi dysponujemy, dane mówiące o liczbie wytwarzanych towarów w przeliczeniu na jednostkę energii zużywaną do ich produkcji w latach 70-tych ( od tego czasu Polska otrzymuje gaz ziemny) i obecnie oraz dostępność tychże dóbr dla przeciętnego nabywcy. Chciałabym także pozyskać dane mówiące o sposobie życia Polaków i ewentualnych zmianach poprzez informacje o czasie wykorzystywania gazu ziemnego i spróbować powiedzieć o zmianach, jeśli takowe nastąpiły – np. mniejsze zużycie gazu ziemnego w miastach w godzinach obiadowych. Chciałabym również dowiedzieć się czy i jak zwiększyła się liczba Polaków korzystających z udogodnień takich jak gaz ziemny z sieci, a nie propan – butan z butli (który w rzeczywistości jest pozostałością po przerobie ropy naftowej, podobnie jak napęd do samochodów -LPG).

    Przełożenie surowców na życie codzienne ludzi może być w części wytłumaczeniem zaciekłych sporów polityczno-ekonomicznych o nie. Pytanie jednak, czy służą one wykorzystaniu surowców dla dobra człowieka i ułatwienia jego codziennego życia, czy też włączania coraz więcej jednostek do obiegu cywilizacyjnego, czy też są wykorzystywane do realizacji interesów ideologicznych poszczególnych grup umocowanych, zgodnie z założeniem demokracji, tymczasowo na szczytach władzy.

    Autorka pisała powyższe ,,dywagacje”, kiedy nie mogła wymówić ani słowa w języku angielskim, a deficyty pisanego języka polskiego są widoczne w treści.

  • Carrying a disease. How a gene can alter the sense of life

    By Marta Koblańska, January 2, 2026, 15:00 Poland’s time, Photo: double helix of DNA, Pixabay

    The lower the frequency of a disease-inducing gene variant, the larger the absolute effect in size; however, the growth is slower, according to the third most-cited study in 2024, published in Cell Genomics.

    The third most-cited study of 2024, with 101 citations, of which the first authoris is Konrad J. Karczewski, originally published in the journal ,,Cell Genomics”  (Impact Factor 11.1) in September 2022 under the title: ,,Systematic single-variant and gene-based association testing of thousands of phenotypes in 394,841 UK Biobank exomes” that is based on an analysis of UK Biobank resources, has shown the gene-based association between about 4500 different diseases and traits. However, as the authors point out, a gene considered harmful may have or may gain the potential to alleviate the strong effects that manifest as a disease.

    The overall “expression” in phenotype that, in this case (the study purposes), means the disease accounts for about 6 percent, while the number is serving up 993,280,477 gene-level association statistics (across protein-coding 19,407 genes, up to 4 functional annotation sets, and 3 burden tests) and 28,158,190,538 single-variant association statistics across 8,074,878 exome variants. These statistics included a dataset of nearly 400,000 individuals of European ancestry and relatives, and 451,000 in total. To make an image of the study’s importance and a painted picture of Europeans’ health status, the authors note, that the four annotation categories comprise the,, predicted LoF (pLoF- the gene’s tolerance for function loss), missense (including low-confidence pLoF variants and in-frame insertions or deletions [indels]), synonymous, and the combination pLoF or missense group, resulting in the mentioned 8,074,878 variants and 75,767 groups for association testing. 

    The main conclusion of the paper is that we may be genetically vulnerable/predisposed to a disease, which is influenced by natural selection (negative in the case of the most severe manifestations). – However, the process of the negative selection will tend to decrease the frequency of functionally damaging variants, suggesting that variants with large effect sizes are more likely to be rare, according to scientists.

    Some interpretations of the study suggest that evolution has established its own security checkpoints. In simpler terms, we may accept a slightly lower overall health status among a larger population to allow for the survival of individuals with rare but more severe illnesses.

    In line with the study, the phenotype, thus the expression of diseases in the case of the single-gen variant, will be mainly shown in endocrinometabolic, digestive, skin/subcutaneous, and musculoskeletal malformations, as well as circulatory, nervous, and eye problems. The good news is that neoplasms, which can lead to cancer, tend to stabilize. Nonetheless, the outcomes of health problems that originate from a certain impairment due to genes’ mixture can be similar to those revealed for single-gene variance.

    What does this mean? There may be additional associations between certain numbers and diseases or developmental delays; however, these associations are not expected to alter the genetic information that we all carry. This allows the genes inhibiting health burdens to continue functioning. Although scientists have observed a correlation with key genes that are considered the most significant, they indicate that these genes are more likely to be associated with a phenotype (6.38%) compared to a frequency-matched set of genes. That reversed association (a correlation between selection against the tolerance of a gene function loss, which may be high or low) means that even if we are carrying a harmful gene, it does not need to be expressed/doesn’t need to impact the gene’s structure/ morphology/physiology, or behaviour/performance. 

     

     

  • Stamps of humans: Where do they originate from?

    By Marta Koblańska, 16.12.2025, 12:00 Poland’s time, photo: DNA clash, Pixabay

    Conflicting genes enable acquiring adaptive morphs – according to a new study from Denmark and China recently published in,, Cell Press”.

    The human body comprises chemical, molecular, and morphological levels. Each of them has to work properly to maintain functionality and efficiency, and all of them undergo physical rules. Otherwise, we call a diverse phase a disease, with the exception, when physical pressure is cut off due to, for instance, a Cosmos trip. All of us, at least for now, born on Earth, have two parents and need care providers until adolescence. We also need a place to live, air to breathe, and food to sustain life. Our lives are to some extent determined by genes we carry within our body in the form of a sort of prescription for our health status, which can also be slightly modified, ruined, or repaired. Now, scientists from China and Denmark in a new research titled,, Phenotypic signatures of incomplete lineage sorting in hominids” have addressed the issue of random fixations in our DNA which can lead to incomplete lineage sorting (ILS). What is it that the sorting does not sound very friendly? Simplifying it is a kind of stamp of our prehistory, which could be either common for every human due to the shared ancestor or completely different, contradicting the gene tree with the species’ morphs expressed in our phenotype. The phenotype represents the visible part of us.

    What are the consequences? According to scientists, the fixations of genes originally belonging to descendant species or species having were our ancestors were related to were up into modern humans’ DNA as incomplete. Nevertheless, we constantly share similarities with gorillas in approximately 17 percent of our genome, which is more than with chimps (approximately 96-98 percent of the human genome is identical to chimps, depending on the studied sections, but how much in the phenotype?), which are our closest living relatives. And this might be explained with the ILS – incomplete lineage sorting which, according to the scientists, represents a contradiction or can be called a,, discordance in rapidly radiating lineages” leading to a kind of misplacement between expressed morphs linked to a species and expected traits generated from the gene’s tree and its clade/roots.

    ILS not only alters the phylogenetic signal across the genome but also directly influences phenotypic variation by affecting genes that contribute to specific morphological traits. Functional experiments have established causal relationships between ILS-derived genetic variation and morphological diversity, further substantiating the idea that trait evolution may not adhere strictly to the bifurcating pattern implied by a simple species tree – claim Stine Keibel Blom, Christy Anna Hipsley, Guojie Zhang.

    They add, however, their (ILS – MK’s note) long generation times further exacerbate ILS by extending the period during which these polymorphisms can persist before allelic sorting is completed.

    This does not imply that the incomplete sorting is not useful anymore. It is, as in line with the research, can contribute or even condition the adaptation. Humans, of course, are the only hominid species to adopt habitual bipedalism, accompanied by increased precision gripping in the hand and loss of gripping capacity in the foot. But, in particular, in childhood, we can see some remains in the process of acquiring walking skills or in the form of climbing trees. What’s interesting the ILS is associated with the population size, and this is not true only for humans. This comes from the biological rule that the larger the population size, the higher the genetic diversity. However, in line with the research calling the theory of coalescence, there may be, let’s say, bigger differences, thus increasing the likelihood of ILS in smaller populations.

    In line with the study, in the human genome, 7905 genes with coding regions overlap with ILS-affected sites, while 2715 human genes comprise one amino acid – 34 percent- shared with gorilla to the exclusion of chimpanzee, and 10,492 human genes contain similar regulatory components as gorilla due to ILS.

    These genes are involved in various biological pathways that serve as substrates for phenotypic variation, likely generating conflicting evolutionary signals. Indeed, research indicated that genes with more ILS-affected sites tend to have similar expression patterns between human and gorilla, for example, loci involved in pathogen interactions like the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and ABO blood group system, according to scientists.

    Simplifying our understanding of tissue, we can say that the type and function of the tissue we are made of are influenced by genetic trade-offs. These traits have evolved over millions of years in hominid species, and the direction of this evolutionary process appears to be a selection of random changes. While we can predict only a few outcomes based on our current knowledge and technological advancements, the results reflect a complex interplay of genetics and evolution.

    Previous functional studies have focused on human-specific traits, revealing a wealth of similarities and differences with our closest living relatives including genetic, cellular, behavioural, musculoskeletal, and physiological modifications. These findings are often interpreted as signatures of adaptive selection to past conditions, with potential trade-offs in the modern world such as increased disease risk or osteoarthritis, conclude scientists.

    Stine Keibel Blom, Christy Anna Hipsley, Guojie Zhan say that understanding the phenotypic effects of these ILS-affected sites requires a combination of multi-level data with cross-disciplinary approaches, as distinguishing between strict mammalian lineages, great apes, and humans, along with balancing sections, including the immunity loci like the MHC requires careful integration of demographic modelling with tests for selection signatures. The question of whether we want it or not remains open.

     

  • When is biological engineering necessary? A look at the newest treatment for multiple sclerosis

    by Marta Koblanska, December 3, 2025, 21:00 Poland’s time, Photo: Imitation of neuronal structure, thanks to geralt, Pixabay

    Degradation of the central nervous system caused by inflammation-induced lesions can be alleviated with genetically modified endurance cells CAR-T, according to the new research from China published in the Cell Press Journal.

    Multiple sclerosis is a highly invasive disease that often starts with micro-injuries causing chronic inflammation within nerves, including the optic nerve. The first signs of the disease can be very mild and go unnoticed. They include, among all, inflammation, which is marked by the tissue firing, worsening of sight, eye pain, limbs’ stiffening, or an impression that electric shocks are touching the body, usually near the spine. The disease, in particular in heavy form, lacks sufficient/effective treatment. The consequence is a significant impairment; however, there are nowadays many options available to slow down the progression. Researchers in China have found that genetic modifications of immune cells (CAR-T lymphocytes), which are currently used to treat blood cancers like leukemia, may also aid in the remission of multiple sclerosis.

    The results presented by the scientists could be particularly beneficial for individuals with progressive multiple sclerosis. The key factor is a specific receptor that acts as a binding site between genetically modified cells, which have been engineered to possess an additional receptor/binding site, and the subsets of B-cells. The depletion or impairment of these B-cell populations, caused by neuroinflammation—a major driver of disease progression—serves as a foundational element for maintaining the stability of the nervous system and ensuring effective signaling transmission.

    Although the exact etiology ( of multiple sclerosis – MK’s note) remains unclear, emerging evidence implicates B cells in orchestrating compartmentalized neuroinflammation as a cardinal driver of disease progression through the production of autoantibodies, the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, antigen presentation, and the formation of ectopic lymphoid structures within the CNS (central nervous system), say Chuan Qin, Ming-Hao Dong, Luo-Qi Zhou, Chun-Rui Li, Dai-Shi Tian, Wei Wang and others in the study titled ,,Anti-BCMA CAR-T therapy in patients with progressive multiple sclerosis.”

    Multiple sclerosis harms neurons, which are the cells of the nervous system, particularly the brain. The harm stipulates depletion of myelin, a structure that secures the proper signal transmission between nervous cells, especially in the axon. Axon is the longer projection of the nervous cell, and the axonal loss due to chronic neuroinflammation induced by cytokine ejection leads to disability progression and in consequently, to brain atrophy. That can be visible in sight, limbs, or the sympathetic side of the central nervous system.

    Is it really so simple to establish a connection between two cell types to stop the disease? Not necessarily. However, according to scientists from China, a small change—specifically the infusion of CAR-T cells—has significantly reduced cytokine release within 40 days, leading to noticeable functional improvement. The researchers reported that they observed a depletion of plasma cells in the central nervous system (CNS), prolonged expansion, and reduced exhaustion of CAR-T cells in the cerebrospinal fluid, as well as a decrease in microglial activation. The latter is particularly important because of its regulatory role in both intensifying and mediating neuroinflammatory responses, which can influence the progression or remission of the disease.

     

  • Energy shortcut by the IEA

    By Marta Koblanska. November 26, 2025, 12:30 Poland’s time, Photo: electricity, Pixabay

    According to a recent IEA report, energy efficiency in industrial performance accounted for over 50 percent of resilience to price fluctuations in 2025, which are expected to rise.

    These fluctuations/variability mainly result from gas price volatility, which has increased by 40 percent in the EU since 2022, as well as because of a greater share of generation from intermittent renewables. The latter one in particular requires special measures/approach in terms of power capacity reservation, which costs. This is why, although globally, industrial energy density/efficiency improved by about 1 percent in the recent 25 years (which is quite a large progress), the value of products we all buy increased by 20 percent considering a unit of used energy. Simplifying. We pay more for a smaller amount of energy that we use in our everyday lives.

    What is the cost of the war in Ukraine?

    According to the report, potential cost savings for economies that consume large volumes of electricity have increased by 80 percent since 2015. During the same period, volatility in spot prices throughout the day has increased by over 150 percent. Meanwhile, the share of electricity in final energy demand is projected to reach just under 22 percent by 2025. Growing consumption—driven by an increased dependence on electricity critical to the functioning of modern societies—will likely lead to further price increases for consumers. 

    The International Energy Agency (IEA) notes that since 2000, efficiency improvements have reduced the need for fossil fuel imports by 20 percent among energy-importing countries. At the same time, there is an increased demand for flexibility in managing electricity consumption.

    The market shift is not advantageous

    According to some experts, Poland seems to be lagging with its stiff power market and legal competitiveness constraints that, on one hand, may be viewed as a security measure, while on the other hand, it may be considered as market congestion. One or another, in line with the IEA report, the value of flexibility has increased, with potential bill savings rising about 80 percent since 2015 in certain countries. But that required flexibility to system operators, utilities, consumers, and policy makers, i.e, introduction of hourly spot prices. Those can be significantly higher per unit of energy.

    Looking beyond 2025, the potential of demand flexibility will likely increase – the IEA claims, adding that the most challenging target in the coming years is to meet the energy affordability issue.

    Experts from the International Energy Agency (IEA) highlight that household energy expenditures are currently up to 20 percent higher than they were in 2019. Past efficiency measures have successfully reduced household energy bills, leading to decreases of up to 20 percent in advanced economies. These improvements can be attributed to gains made since the year 2000.

    The survey issued on November 20, 2025, was conducted among respondents in 14 countries. A striking thing is that the perception is that energy efficiency is critical to maintain competitiveness. Twenty-one percent of companies expressed this, while thirty-one percent indicated a strong impact. According to IEA, energy costs can represent up to 35 percent of the value of total sales in food manufacturing, around 20 percent in textiles, and 25 percent in the non-metallic manufacturing sector.

  • Why are certain medical experiments considered excessive?

    by Marta Koblanska, November 20, 2025, Photo: Double-positive cells undergoing transition in the human embryo (top), authors, Elsevier Inc

    Where is the boundary between protecting life and sustaining life? A new study led by UK researchers suggests that this boundary may be found in the yolk sac tissue.

    Yolk-sac tissue, allegedly deriving from or differentiating into blood stem cells in later evolutionary stages, can be seen as a hallmark of life. Why? Because it is present in all the living organisms with sexual reproduction, or those that initiate such a reproduction. This is why we will not find a yolk sac in viruses or bacteria; however, its marks appear within species at the earliest evolutionary stages, accounting for millions of years. What’s striking the appearance includes organisms without shaped up/grown up a well-developed blood system.

    When we trace back the sex reproduction pathways of species, we can be astonished by their variety and forms, as well as occurring changes in, let’s say, sex identification or sex dimorphism attributes. Nevertheless, the key hallmarks remain, although both the RNA and DNA structures and sequences, along with anatomical changes significantly modified (enhanced or halted) in either species or the way of their development, leaving, though, quite tough to cross lines or boundaries.

    Where does life take place?

    Scientists based in the UK in a study titled: ,,A post-implantation model of human embryo development includes a definitive hematopoietic niche,” published recently in a journal,,Cell Reports” wish to go further. In line with the study description, after implantation of an embryo into the endometrium (the endothelium tissue of the womb, which conditions the next developmental stages to occur and pass – MK’s note), there was no yolk-sac tissue in vitro within the cells used in the experiment. The scientists admit, however, that it has been observed that one cluster of blood progenitors at D8 (the developmental stage of an embryo – MK’s note) and two clusters of blood progenitors at D14. Moreover, according to the researchers, ,, the transcriptional evidence ( the alligement of blood progenitors which, in line with the experiment’s description, can either stick to the endomethrium or to blood cells) suggests that hematopoiesis (the process of emergence and differentiation of blood cells) was occurring spontaneously in our model after D8—in the absence of a yolk sac tissue—and without any supplementation of hematopoiesis-associated cytokines or growth factors” – write M. Azim Surami, Adam James Reid, Sabine Dietmann, Ankit Varma, Baojiang Wu, Geraldine M. Jowett, Jitesh Neupane of the University of Cambridge, UK, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA, and Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.

    – This finding is particularly intriguing and represents the most significant phenotype in this system. Consequently, we refer to these post-implantation structures that capture hematopoietic lineages – underline researchers, while, as they state in the study, ,,the key goal is to understand the development of long-lived definitive human stem cells, which can generate mature cells for research and therapeutic use.

    The focus is specifically on the progenitors of cells that later develop into liver and blood cells, as they may share a similar origin. However, scientists note that these progenitor cells cannot be classified as belonging to the yolk sac, although there may be additional tissue of this type present.

    Is the potential for life regarded as valuable as mature life?

    Whether it is or it is not, those cells, dependently on the developmental stage of an embryo, which include pre- and post-implantation stages, represent a sort of base for the next phases of evolution. Within the post-implantation stages, the most important is gastrulation, which occurs, in an ideal model of development, after successful connection of an embryo to the endometrial tissue in the womb (or for research purposes in the laboratory, as this is the case in this study). Usually, this is possible when a yolk sac has grown. Later, this constitutes a base for the development of the placenta, which, if efficient, conditions further stages of advance/evolution (according to some experts, human embryo development somehow recalls evolutionary stages of species).

    – Currently, we lack a complete understanding of early human embryonic HSC (hematopoietic stem cells, the potential to differentiate into myeloid and lymphoid lineages and thus into further, specialized cells, systems and organs – MK’s note) development, which occurs through endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) around CS14 and possibly at other sites, write scientists.

    Authors of the paper highlight that the proposed model, termed hematoids, serves as both a flexible tool for exploring tissue-scale mechanisms of human development and a potential source of human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) for mechanistic research and cell therapies.

    The study involving human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) was approved by the Human Biology Research Ethics Committee at the University of Cambridge, UK.

     

  • Major security drivers of energy consumption – outlook

    By Marta Koblanska, November 17, 2025, 13:00 Poland’s time, Photo: Primary energy consumption 2024, Energy Institute – Statistical Review of World Energy (2025), Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration (2025)

    In the coming years, the energy security of supply for importing countries will significantly rely on nuclear energy, coal, and LNG, according to the World Energy Outlook presented by the IEA on November 12, 2025.

    The world currently uses about 180,000 terawatt-hours (TWh) of primary energy, with the United States, Japan, Canada, and Australia being among the top consumers. However, over the next ten years, this demand is expected to double, primarily driven by an increase in consumption in emerging markets such as China (the country accounted for approximately 50,000 TWh of primary energy consumption in 2024), India, Southeast Asia, and Latin America. In contrast, Africa is lagging behind due to limited access to clean energy, primarily relying on energy derived from agricultural waste, as highlighted during a press briefing by IEA leaders.

    The rising demand for energy and electricity has to be met. And, because of the shift in transport means, as the transportation of fuel through pipelines becomes less critical due to security threats, there will be opportunities for energy sources such as nuclear and coal. At the same time, reliable suppliers and sources are becoming increasingly crucial. 

    – Energy security can be seen as a pivot for economic security – claimed Fatih Birol, the IEA chief. – This is why our scenarios include a strong comeback of nuclear power, increasing share of renewables, in particular solar, while we will continue to consume oil and natural gas. Nevertheless, the latter one can come in the form of LNG (liquefied natural gas feasible, for now, to transport via sea – MK’s note), changing some governments’ policy.

    Demand for coal is expected to decrease by around 2030, according to Laura Cozzi. This decline may be more seasonally dependent as adjustments are made to meet current climate policy targets. However, coal continues to provide access to heat in many parts of the world.

    Global energy demand is expected to be primarily driven by artificial intelligence, data centers, as well as cooling systems and electric vehicles. Approximately 40 percent of the world’s economy is dependent on just 20 percent of reliable suppliers. Additionally, 91 percent of the new rare metals that are crucial for the green transition are concentrated in a single country.

    .

  • Does Poland need Central Communication Airport CPK and earning limits, and why?

    By Marta Koblanska, November 4, 2025, 12:00 Poland’s time, Photo: Tokyo Forum (picture to illustrate the text), author: zauber2011, Pixabay

    Why do top world leaders like Poland for a short time? The answer may lie in the safety at Polish airports, which had been designed in the past.

    The story of the Central Communication Airport CPK in Poland begins in the early XXI century. The discussion succeeded and addressed some current millionaires’ fears about their security and safety if they have to visit the country. (The difference between security and safety is simple. The first one involves the outdoor and the second – the indoor, and turns around for those sentenced for crimes). The view to get such a port also involved investments which, in the opinion of some experts, could be significantly sped up if the airport existed. However, in this case, the major points included either hedging funds or greenfield investments. The debate over who could benefit the most was intense.

    At the beginning of the XXI century, there were a few airports fulfilling/meeting strict security and safety rules applying to the most important or richest persons in the world. They included, among all, London Heathrow, Tokyo Airport, and Ben Gurion Airport in Israel. The US’s most important airports, both domestic and overseas more or less are adjusted to the demanding security and safety requirements. Germany has one or two airports that are now in the top classification standards. In Poland, that at the beginning of XXI century was at the start of the system transformation, the leaders sometimes were complaining that the country lacks of investments because the top politicians, richest persons and potential investors do not know the real potential of the nation/country as they (the alleged investors) can not visit due to missing safety measures at the airports. Whether they demanded to build a new airport or just the adjustment of the existing ones to adequate standards is an open question. Sometimes they condition their visit on the security and safety, claiming, for instance, that only Gdansk Airport (not without a reason with the name of the first Polish freely elected President – Lech Wałęsa) has installed decent security measures and checks. – It does not mean that Warsaw Okęcie is a worse or less safe airport now, but there are some really tiny rules and solutions which can make a difference for the most demanding, let’s say, customers, some experts claim. Kraków is also not bad; however, the reason may be different.

    After over 20 years of discussion in silence and more loudly expressed sorrow that VIPs are passing Poland around, the project of Central Communication Airport CPK has been set on the table again. But remained on paper, and the recent corruption scandal with land in the area of the planned airport may shut it down before a virtual opening for a long time, unless the government is willing to drive/face both consequences and conclusions. The first conclusion could be this regarding the warehouse. For the one equipped with crucial/critical ,,ingredients”, the price for cleaning could be high, but why did the empty one cost so much? Were there any false queries for offers or deliveries?

    Someone could also ask a difficult question: Do those top leaders really need so strict security/safety rules? And might add: Poland had significant visits of VIPs. In recent years, several notable figures have visited Poland, including US presidents, members of the British Royal Family, and leaders from France and Germany on multiple occasions. Russian leaders have also made visits, along with Elon Musk and George Clooney. While I am unsure about their views on safety in Poland, I would not want to hear their off-the-record comments. One main question remains: why do they only stay for a day or two?

    There is at least one strongly admired businessman/investor who is observing/watching the top visits to Poland and their duration. The link here has been clear for over 20 years. Simplifying. The shorter visit of VIPs in Poland and elsewhere in a sphere of a stable government within emerging markets, the more short-term investments (for instance, those of hedge funds, but in this case the displacement does not need to be so obvious, nonetheless they (the hedge funds) may be keen on investing in places where there is no upper limit of earnings for the, let’s say, most desirable professions). And opposite. The longer the top-level visits signalling improvements in security and safety measures, the longer the investment involvement tends to last. Greenfield investments are/should be the most desirable because they create new job opportunities and places; nevertheless, investments in shares or bonds also provide stability. The number of investments that Poland has lost or is currently losing remains an open question.

  • How does Russia cope with sanctions and reduce its output?

    By Marta Koblanska, October 20, 2025,  12:00 Poland’s time, Photo: oil well extraction, Pixabay

    Ukraine’s attacks on Russian refineries cut fuel supplies by 0.5 million barrels per day (mb/d) in September 2025. Meanwhile, Iraqi production exceeded targets, increasing by 0.51 mb/d, as reported in the International Energy Agency (IEA) oil market report issued on October 14, 2025.

    Iraqi oil production in September seems to go on maximum capacity as the level for this OPEC country has been set, so far at 4,87 mb/d, leaving the spare at 0,27 mb/d. The supply from Iraq amounted to 4,6 mb/d, while the implied target was set at 4,09 mb/d in September 2025. Who is though in charge of the increase and potentially benefits, when in the same month two other core countries of OPEC lifted the output by 0,27 mb/d each?

    Iraq is a country touched by war, which was fought in 2003. There was no one reason for this war, and oil issues at that time had not been placed as the most important, according to some recognized experts. Instead, they marked the case of the Kurdish people, a nation that was undergoing disgusting medical experiments in Iraq, and the US decided to stop it. British media in 2003 were reluctant to the decision, but Brits are the allies and historically also contributed to the countries’ structure in the Middle East. Russia was against the war; however, after a promise to regain its oil operations in the country silently did not interrupt/disturb the military action. Pope John Paul II, of course, did not bless the Iraqi war, but he did not condemn it either. People from the Arabic circle of culture were angry, sometimes asking whether Iraq is going to survive/exist further; nevertheless open to the positive testimony of the Kurdish people. The situation in Iraq after the Americans’ withdrawal was tough, as many attempted to establish rule there; however, now, as it is seen in the recent oil market report, the country managed to rebuild its oil production capacity and became again a substantial participant in the market.

    Before the war in 2003, Russian Lukoil had secured a portion of the oil output capacity in Iraq. After the war, Poland was striving to get any contract in this country through Bechtel, a huge engineering corporation originating from Germany, established in the US, initially building railroad trucks. The oil from Iraq via reconstruction was seen at that time in Poland as a solution (or one of the potential solutions) to get oil from other than eastern destinations. Indeed, some Polish companies managed to sign contracts or preliminary contracts for the so-called, at this time, Iraq reconstruction. But whether Poland is getting oil directly from Iraq could be an open question. However, it is definitely gaining some from the US.

    How does this contribute to the current situation and the recent oil market report issued by the International Energy Agency IEA? A part of the past deal between the US and Russia was to give the latter some oil production capacity in Iraq. The crude from this country is light, sweet, very efficient, and very, let’s say, desirable on the market. When the most? This is an open question for everybody who judges before listening to all sides. Now, according to the IEA’s recent oil market report ,,the drop in Russian middle distillate exports reverberated globally as regular buyers scrambled to secure alternative supplies, bidding up diesel and jet fuel cracks in the process. Light sweet crude refining margins hit two-year highs in Europe and 18-month highs on the US Gulf Coast and in Singapore in September”.

    Light crude is particularly desired for jet fuel production, in line with the cracking process and the properties of the oil. And Russian crude oil output in September was indeed below the established target, but just by 0,16 mb/d/. The total supply from this country (officially reported ) amounted in September 2025 to 9,21 mb/d.

    The IEA further states in the report that,, global crude runs will reach a seasonal low of 81.6 mb/d in October this year, nearly 4 mb/d below July’s record level”. Whether it substantially shortens Russia’s potential to cope with sanctions and restrictions on its oil or oil from other countries where it has secured capacities, is questionable. According to the IEA statement, ..in calm trading, benchmark crude prices were little changed in September, as a looming supply surplus dampened the impact of heightened Ukraine tensions and fresh sanctions against Russia and Iran”.

    According to the IEA report, despite a global overall balance showing a shortage of just 4 million barrels per day (mb/d) in October—partially offset by increased refinery capacity—the oil product consumption market may be constrained. This is already evident from the sharp increase in stockpiling observed in September, which included a build of 102 million barrels of oil on water.

    Oil’s share of the global energy balance, which increased during the 1970s and 1980s, has stabilized at approximately 31-32 percent. While forecasts predict a gradual decline in this share, oil will continue to be an important source of feedstock and energy for a long time, especially in the transportation sector.

  • IEA cuts renewables’ growth forecast for the US by 50 percent. What does this mean for others?

    By Marta Koblanska, 14 October 2025, 19:00 Poland’s, Photo: Solar elipse, thanks to wynpnt, Pixabay

    What factors are hindering the growth of renewable energy sources, and what drives their adoption? The IEA emphasizes the importance of flexibility in this context.

    Energy sources may be more or less efficient. That means a different caloric value of a certain amount of energy feeding a dedicated operation. For instance, when we want a lorry to drive, its fuel has to be adequately enriched. A small car can go on a less productive one. The same is true with industrial facilities, power-generating plants, heat, or the economy as such. At the same time, there are fewer energy sources and more advanced ones; however, this does not imply that all sources seen as more sophisticated represent the same value in terms of a real stake in economic growth. The latter one, at least for now, if fairly shared, can be the only way to keep inequalities at a decent level.

    When we analyze the economic structure of the so-called modern countries, we can see variations in their energy mix compared to emerging economies and developing countries. Usually, they vary in the type of energy they acquire/use as well as their dedicated, let’s say, intended use. That may be an outcome of costs linked to the energy production, the access to technologies enabling its generation and processing, or the distribution network, along with taxes imposed on all or selected commitments/channels.

    This is why the feasibility of investments can vary in a context of either the policy chosen by a country or the advancement. However, one constant remains: the value and efficiency of energy that we aim to generate and utilize to enhance the overall performance of various sectors, such as industry, services, transportation, or the economy as a whole. According to some recognized experts, there is no inherently better or worse type of energy; rather, the issue lies in how energy is addressed and utilized.

    The International Energy Agency recently lowered its forecast for the growth of renewables in the US market by 50 percent. The reason for this is the tax policy implemented by the country. At the same time, the agency has reduced its expectations for China. This decision could lead to the use of more efficient energy sources in both markets. However, China has a significant share of renewable energy production, particularly in photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy, thanks to its favorable climate and large land area. A key question to consider is whether China is exporting its surplus of renewable energy, especially since the rare earth metals used in the production and processing of wind turbines are largely concentrated in this country.

    In the case of the US, the lower, let’s say, absorption of the renewables may imply a shift toward both traditional energy sources ( openly introduced by the US president) as well as technology and efficiency at the same time, creating potential bottlenecks for countries substantially relying on this destination of import. Simplifying, the US economy would like to secure the best valued energy for itself, demanding from others credible payments in the case of sharing.

    According to the IEA forecast, globally, the share of renewables in the transport sector is to increase from 4% today to 6% in 2030. The increase in demand will be driven mainly by renewable electricity for EVs in China and Europe, with biofuels adding growth in Brazil, Indonesia, India, and other key markets. Renewables’ share of energy used globally to provide heat for buildings and industry is set to increase from 14% to 18% over the forecast period, in line with the IEA forecast.

    Interestingly: – Solar PV is on course to account for some 80% of the increase in the world’s renewable capacity over the next five years. In addition to growth in established markets, solar is set to surge in economies such as Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and several Southeast Asian countries, says Fatih Birol, the IEA chief.

    Why? Because its share in electricity generation rises and thus in grids’ systems, at the same time imposing on policy makers the need to pay attention to supply chain security and grid integration challenges. Grids in Europe, for now, are mainly directed east-west, but also west-east, with a limited capacity. The necessity to connect Poland’s pipe system with NATO one has been emphasized for a long time, and recently, the preliminary deal has been signed. Now the question, in light of the US priorities, could be, not even about the price (that can be affordable although tough to pay short-term, nevertheless, in the long-term may offset costs), but about the value/efficiency of the energy gained within the system.

  • The evolutionary line between health and illness

    By Marta Koblańska, September 30, 2025, 17:50 Polish time, Photo: AI-generated neuronal structure, thanks to BrianPenny, Pixabay

    Differentiation in neuronal structure within the hypothalamus, as well as modifications in transmission and aggregation of certain molecules, may represent the boundary between health and illness, according to scientists in China.

    The structures in the brain, such as various sections, exhibit similarities across mammalian species. Some of these structures are more primitive in shape and function, while others are considered more advanced. These changes have occurred over the evolutionary paths of all species, both those that existed in the past and those alive today on Earth. The primary drivers of evolution include genetics and the environment. Additionally, French anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss also emphasised the role of group organization, using early human societies as an example.

    Leslie A. White, an American anthropologist, pointed out that energy is a major driver of the advancement and thus civilization (that may end in certain circumstances), seeing more and more sophisticated and hence efficient sources of energy as the key. From his perspective, the energy required to perform work was crucial at the onset of human evolution. This energy was dependent on an adequate food intake, which varied in caloric content, to ensure there was enough energy available for both thinking and physical tasks.

    Now, scientists from China in a new study published in the journal,,Neuron” prove that energy exchange within the hypothalamus in mice, the brain’s structure controlling a vast number of chemical and biological processes occurring in the body, including emotions, can be responsible for inducing pain and illness. That happens when neurons aggregate in the hypothalamus (circuits) dedicated to energy expenditure, in response to excessive/insufficient food intake, are inadequately firing, causing metabolic disorders or potentially some genetically susceptible psychiatric disorders, according to a Danish scientists’ study also recently published in ,,Neuron”. At the same time, suppression of other types of neurons underlines light-induced metabolic disorders. 

    How is this possible? By tracking the development of neural cell shape, structure, and their primary and current functions, we can identify both similarities and differences. However, since the emergence of these structures around 500 to 600 million years ago, notably in jellyfish and ctenophores, the overall configuration has remained relatively consistent. Simplifying, “consistency” enables efficient communication through signal and molecule transmission within an organism’s body. This communication flows through dedicated pathways and molecules, which condition the organism’s functioning and its ability to sustain life or contribute to others. When the signaling transmission through specific circuits or connections in the newly established brain structure, from an evolutionary perspective, is disrupted, problems arise. 

    The China’s scientists analyzed neuronal subtypes in the hypothalamus and their selected molecular classification. Some populations of these cells (neurons) can be older, some younger (hence they may have a slightly different shape or structure as such). However, according to scientists, there can be suggested the existence of the evolutionary conservation of some types across species.

    What is more, the evolution left traces in the shape of ,,a conserved cytosolic protein for binding retinoic acid with high affinity” in the studied populations of neurons. This subtype of neurons has been identified as an indicator of retinoic acid signaling. There are various signaling pathways in the brain and among specialized neuron populations that regulate hormonal circulation, either triggering or inhibiting actions in the body. However, scientists in a study titled “Identification of a Neural Basis for Energy Expenditure in the Mouse Arcuate Hypothalamus” demonstrated that more primitive cells, mainly located in the hypothalamus, control energy expenditure through neural circuitry.

    The striking thing is that the neuronal subtypes ( the molecularly defined neuronal diversity) conditioning energy flows may be associated with metabolic and pain-inducing/silencing path functions. However, as scientists admit, some populations of neurons active in the regulatory processes occurring within the hypothalamus have not been defined, yet. Nevertheless, according to scientists, research over recent decades has established the hypothalamus, particularly the arcuate nucleus (ARC), as a central hub for homeostatic control of energy balance.

    • This involves inspecting the major functional response types (e.g., glutamatergic and GABAergic), followed by iterative refinement among main neuronal subtypes to achieve the finest resolution along the hierarchy of transcriptional similarity. In the ARC, it is well-known that glutamatergic neuron activation rapidly regulates satiety, while chronic activation of GABAergic neurons induces food intake and causes obesity, say Ting Wang, Shuping Han, Yaxin Wang, Hui Gong, Peng Cao, Qing-Feng Wu. 

    In line with the study, the knowledge of the paths and functions may enable therapeutic measures when needed. Although, in line with previous studies, positive emotions can also be a cure. In response to the request of evolutionandsecurity.com, whether an increased energy expenditure could be in favor of drug cessation in the case of those administrated due to mechanisms triggering a virtual/subjective pain or addiction feeling in the brain, the scientists explain that,, increased energy expenditure, such as exercise, serves as a core component of non-pharmacological management for chronic pain conditions such as fibromyalgia and low back pain.”

    Additionally, in line with the scientists’ response: ,,regular physical activity has been proven to effectively reduce pain intensity and improve physical function. As an adjunctive treatment, exercise has been applied in the cessation of nicotine, alcohol, stimulant, and even opioid dependencies. Studies have found that individuals with addiction who engage in regular exercise exhibit higher rates of successful abstinence, lower relapse rates, and greater psychological stability. We are still not sure whether Crabp1 neurons ( the subtype of neurons that are activated by cold and exercise but inhibited by long photoperiod and promote energy expenditure) could target the brain region involved in pain sensing and addiction. If possible, we could also manipulate the activity of this neuronal subtype to ameliorate pain and addiction, say scientists.

     

     

     

     

     

  • How to make airspace defence more efficient? Technology is the answer.

    By Marta Koblańska, September 22, 12;00 Poland’s time, photo: F16 sky capability – departure up –  author of the picture: ArtTower, Pixabay

    Poland’s air protection, along with that of eastern EU countries, seems to be gradually becoming less effective, thereby reducing the chances of adequate defense, just in case.

    NATO membership involves specific classifications. The most valuable members receive clearly defined measures of protection, along with access to advanced technologies. One of the most sophisticated aspects of this includes airspace defense, which may vary in strength depending on the systems in use within the Alliance. Most members currently rely on modern cyber tools (know-how), although not all do.

    The recent drone incidents in Polish territory demonstrate the effectiveness of Poland’s air defense system. However, these drones were disabled before reaching the country’s airspace (were unarmed), and some of them were shot down in accordance with NATO procedures that allow for special measures when there is a potential risk to life. Whether the incident in Wyryki, eastern Poland (or Wytryki, as it was initially reported, central Poland) exemplifies this capability (or the opposite) is debatable. Nonetheless, it raises questions about the capabilities—or lack thereof—of those sending the drones. Some experts suggest that the strike in Wyryki was insufficient for an F-16 bombing, indicating it might have been an issue related to accidental cargo transported by the drones.

    In the region of Central and Eastern Europe the space security heavily depends on Europe’s (Brussels) operating systems, along with Dutch technology and priorities. If the US is going to deliver further protection that has been preliminarily emphasized by the US president, it could be crucial for the region, let’s say, future performance. But, unfortunately, the advancement of possible solutions also includes the outcome of the war in Ukraine. Of course, Ukrainians want to align with Poland’s/western systems of sky protection, but now, key decisions can lie in opposite/other hands.

    Whether such a connection would be in favor of NATO members in the region (Ukraine’s underpinning of sky protection systems within NATO’s European operations) is also an open question, as the level of security indicates access to critical information within countries constituting the Alliance. That also conditions the adherence of its strict rules, such as, for instance, no ethnical prejudices at any occasion, no revenge on the weaker, along with a civilized approach to women, in general.

    I recently witnessed, in the middle of Warsaw, a low pass of a plane that was not an F-16 or a civilian plane. Possibly equipped with one cargo, but not necessarily. The recent Russian two fighters just a few feet above Petrobaltic’s platform, belonging to Poland’s oil champion Orlen, and the jets’ immediate departure up, as well as three fighters in Estonia’s airspace, show Russian pilots’ skills. And this is not in favor of NATO countries in Europe; however, the number of Alliance members and the level of development as such create an advantage at least for the time being. (The fights about the pilots might have preceded the so-called and in silence partnership agreement between NATO and Russia – Russia was the one that wanted to use it for pilots’ training). The air actions show that Russia is not going to give up at least a portion of Ukraine, as the country is consequently realizing its policy there, recently becoming more aggressive on land, but not without reason.

Got any book recommendations?

Get In Touch

Repetitio mater studiorum est

marta.koblanska@evolutionandsecurity.com, evolutionisecurity@proton.me

evolutionandsecurity.com/eu All rights reserved
Copyright – Marta Koblańska/ Marta Koblanska