• Postrach małych i dużych, czyli garść o wirusie ZIKA

    By Marta Koblańska, as a translator, the translation based on ,,Nature” published research, January 2021, edited April 30, 2026, photo: AI-generated neural structure, Pixabay

    Zakażenie wirusem Zika (ZIKV) kobiety w ciąży może skutkować samoistną utratą ciąży, koniecznością aborcji, urodzeniem martwego dziecka, zgonem dziecka po narodzinach albo wadami wrodzonymi, głównie mikrocefalią (małogłowiem) u dziecka. Ta ostatnia jest wadą wrodzoną. 

    Praca opublikowana w „Nature” w 2020/21 roku i przetłumaczona przez autorkę tekstu do 10 stycznia 2021 roku miała na celu zbadanie in situ (miejscowo) profilu odpowiedzi immunologicznej i mechanizmów uszkodzenia komórek neuronalnych/glejowych (neuronów oraz astrocytów pełniących określone i odrębne funkcje w mózgu, choć ich „działanie” w przypadku prawidłowej pracy jest ze sobą skorelowane – przyp. MK) w przypadkach mikrocefalii zakończonych zgonem. Próbki tkanki mózgowej zostały pobrane od 15 zmarłych noworodków. Próbki tkanki pobierano od 10 noworodków z mikrocefalią z pozytywnym wynikiem na obecność wirusa oraz od 5 noworodków pod kontrolą neonatologiczną z wynikiem negatywnym na obecność wirusa zmarłych z innych przyczyn. Struktura ośrodkowego układu nerwowego CNS została zachowana. W przypadkach mikrocefalii, czynniki histopatologiczne pochodzące z próbek tkankowych zostały scharakteryzowane w trzech obszarach/przedziałach ośrodkowego układu nerwowego CNS (opon mózgowo-rdzeniowych, przestrzeni okołonaczyniowej oraz miąższu). Odkryte zmiany to głównie zwapnienia, martwica, neuronofagia, glejoza, guzki mikrogleju oraz naciek zapalny komórek jednojądrzastych.

    Miejscowa odpowiedź immunologiczna przeciw Zika w ośrodkowym układzie nerwowym (CNS) nowonarodzonych jest złożona. Pomimo przeważającej ekspresji cytokin (czynników prozapalnych) Th2, inne cytokiny takie jak Th1, Th17, Treg, Th9 oraz Th22 są zaangażowane w proces degradacji komórkowej. W mniejszym stopniu, ale nadal mogą uczestniczyć w immunopatogennych mechanizmach choroby neuronów w przypadkach mikrocefalii spowodowanej przez ZIKV zakończonych zgonem. Mikrocefalia to w dużym uproszczeniu proces zmniejszania właściwej masy komórkowej mózgowia przy jednoczesnym zwiększaniu proporcji uwodnienia – przyp. MK. 

    Wprowadzenie

    Wirus Zika (ZIKV, rodzaj Flavivirus, rodzina Flaviviridae) został wyizolowany w 1947 roku z Macaca mulatta w Lesie Zika w Ugandzie i podobnie do innych flawiwirusów może powodować uszkodzenia płuc, nerek, wątroby i mózgu.

    W kontekście trudności prezentacyjnych, wiele badań obecnie próbuje scharakteryzować związek zakażenia ZIKV z zespołem Guillaina-Barrégo oraz mikrocefalią, jak również mechanizmy leżące u podstaw przekazywania wirusa drogą seksualną oraz wertykalną. Jednakże na poziomie CNS nadal istnieje wiele luk we współczesnym zrozumieniu mechanizmów przyczyniających się do mikrocefalii wywołanej zakażeniem wirusem ZIKA. Opisywane badanie w istotnym stopniu wyjaśnia owe zawiłości. 

    Niektóre badania już wcześniej udowodniły, że leżąca u podstaw stopniowej śmierci neuronów infekcja jest bezpośrednio związana z mikrocefalią, szczególnie z powodu produkcji dużej ilości białka caspage 3 w neuronach kory mózgowej. Jednakże z całym szacunkiem dla odpowiedzi immunologicznej, która zachodzi w mózgu noworodków z mikrocefalią, nie było wcześniej badań, które wykorzystałyby to podejście do problemu. W szczególności brakuje badań przyglądających się miejscowej odpowiedzi immunologicznej w tkance mikrośrodowiska. Ta odpowiedź immunologiczna jest ważna w kontekście zrozumienia immunopatogenezy obrażeń, jako że jest blisko związana z mechanizmami uszkodzenia tkanki wywoływanymi przez sam układ immunologiczny.

    Ponieważ ośrodkowy układ nerwowy CNS jest „uprzywilejowany” immunologicznie w kontekście głębokiej wybiórczości bariery krew-mózg pod względem kinetyki komórek i przepływu cytokin między krwią a tkanką, zbadanie miejscowego profilu odpowiedzi oraz mechanizmu uszkodzenia komórek neuronalnych jest istotne do zrozumienia patogenezy mikrocefalii powodowanej przez ZIKV. Dlatego też, poprzez rozpoznanie, że ten związek może rzucić nowe światło na immunopatogenezę schorzenia, praca naukowców opisuje badania lokalnego profilu odpowiedzi immunologicznej oraz mechanizmu uszkodzenia komórki neuronu u martwourodzonego noworodka oraz noworodków zainfekowanych ZIKV, które zmarły po urodzeniu.

    Wyniki

    Badanie było prowadzone na próbkach tkanki mózgowej pobranych od 10 przypadków mikrocefalii. Próbki pobrano od 8 noworodków (dwie dziewczynki i sześciu chłopców) z czasem przeżycia od 2 godzin do 27 dni (mediana jeden dzień) oraz dwojga martwo urodzonych noworodków (dziewczynka i chłopiec). Pięcioro pacjentów (cztery dziewczynki i jeden chłopiec) wykorzystano do kontroli próbek w badaniu.

    Opis głównych odchyleń histopatologicznych odkrytych u nowowrodków z mikrocefalią spowodowaną wirusem Zika

    Czynniki histopatologiczne próbek tkanki zostały scharakteryzowane przez zmiany oponowe, okołonaczyniowe oraz miąższowe. Przekrwienie naczyń i nacieki zapalne, składające się głównie z limfocytów i makrofagów, były obserwowane w oponach, przypominając wirusowe zapalenie opon mózgowych. Środowisko okołonaczyniowe wykazywało przekrwienie z różnym nasileniem, a naciek zapalny komórek jednojądrzastych nachodził na obszar Virchow-Robina. Analiza środowiska śródmiąższowego wykazała odchylenia o różnym nasileniu, w tym glejozę, zwapnienia, neuronofagię, martwicę, guzki mikrogleju, wakuolizację oraz zanik neuronów.

    Ocena immunohistochemiczna

    Zaobserwowanie koloru brązowego we fragmentach tkanki zostało zdefiniowane jako faktyczne barwienie immunologiczne do oceny różnych procesów, w tym mechanizmów uszkodzenia tkanki oraz odpowiedzi układu odpornościowego gospodarza w tkance uszkodzonej infekcją ZIKV.

    Barwienie immunologiczne białka caspase 3 w trzech analizowanych przedziałach (opon mózgowo-rdzeniowych, przestrzeni okołonaczyniowej oraz miąższu) istotnie się różniło w porównaniu z grupą kontrolną. Zwyżka ekspresji białka caspase 3 była szczególnie oznaczana w miąższu, zwłaszcza w przypadkach uszkodzenia komórek neuronalnych w korze mózgowej, w których głębokie barwienie było obserwowane w neuronach zwakualizowanych (o dużym nasyceniu wodą – przyp. MK) oraz apoptotycznych, czyli takich, w których zachodził proces programowanej śmierci komórki.

    Charakterystyka nacieku komórki

    Opis fenotypu miejscowego nacieku zapalnego ujawnił obecność komórek z antygenem i astrocytów (S100), komórek (CD57) naturalnie niszczących potencjał prozapalny w postaci komórek (NK), M1 makrofagów/mikrogleju (CD68), M2 makrofagów/mikrogleju (CD163), limfocytów T (CD8+, CD4+) oraz komórek regulacyjnych T (Treg) (FoxP3).

    Komórki z antygenem S100 zostały zaobserwowane w trzech analizowanych przedziałach. Odkryto znaczące różnice w porównaniu z grupą kontrolną. W przypadkach, w których obserwowano pogrubienie opon mózgowo-rdzeniowych oraz oznaczone unaczynienie, barwienie immunologiczne S100 było związane z obecnością antygenu znajdującego się w komórce. Takie ,,zmodyfikowane” komórki były odnajdywane w miąższu oraz przestrzeni okołonaczyniowej, jak również w obszarach kory mózgowej charakteryzujących się ubytkiem neuronów. W miąższu nerwowym głębokie immunobarwienie zaobserwowano w astrocytach gemistrocytarnych. (Astrocyty to komórki mózgowe – upraszczając- odpowiedzialne w toku przekształceń i wzrostu za funkcje motoryczne, czyli zdolność do poruszania, ale mogą mieć również udział w transmisji sygnałów słuchowych oraz generowaniu mowy – przyp. MK). 

    W trzech omawianych przedziałach, liczba komórek CD57 + NK (komórki prozapalne) była większa w jednojądrzastym nacieku zapalnym. Różnice były obserwowane w średniej liczbie komórek CD68 i CD163 – pozytywnych, które charakteryzują się odpowiednio obecnością M1 i M2 makrofagów/mikrogleju. Nie zanotowano istotnej różnicy w ekspresji CD68 w porównaniu z grupą kontrolną. Dla kontrastu, ekspresja CD163 była wyższa w przypadkach objawów stanu zapalnego opon i mózgu, czemu towarzyszyła silna proliferacja naczyniowa (rozrastanie się naczyń) oraz ogniskowa martwica w warstwie korowej.

    Półilościowa analiza subpopulacji limfocytów T (CD8, CD4) oraz komórek Treg (FoxP3) uwidoczniła zwiększoną ekspresję tych markerów w trzech przedziałach, zwłaszcza w obszarach wykazujących gęsty jednojądrzasty naciek.

    Profil cytokinowy i czynniki zaangażowane w odpowiedzi na stan zapalny

    Analiza profilu cytokinowego i czynników zapalnych w próbkach wykazała ekspresję cytokin: interferonów IFN-γ, IFN-α, IFN-β, interleukiny IL-6, IL-12A, IL-1β oraz czynnika martwicy nowotworów TNF-α; interleukiny IL-4, IL-10, IL-33, IL-37 oraz transformującego czynnika wzrostu beta 1 TGF-β1; interleukiny IL-9, IL-17, IL-23 oraz IL-22, jak również enzymów iNOS i arginazy 1 (enzymu z grupy hydrolaz). Istniała dominacja markerów Th2, którym towarzyszyły cytokiny prozapalne, iNOS, i arginaza 1. Wykazywały one zwiększoną ekspresję w wyszczególnionych trzech przedziałach w porównaniu z grupą kontrolną. W oponach mózgowo-rdzeniowych ekspresja komórkowa była znacząca w jednojądrzastym nacieku zapalnym, a przestrzeń okołonaczyniowa uwidoczniła podobny wzór immunobarwienia. Immunoekspresja iNOS, arginazy 1 i cytokin, szczególnie interleukinów IL-4, IL-10, IL-12A, IL-23 oraz IL-33, była bardziej intensywna w miąższu mózgu. Ekspresja była obserwowana w jednojądrzastym nacieku zapalnym, w obszarach zwakuolizowanych neuronów, w obszarach martwicy oraz w komórkach apoptotycznych.

    Wirus Zika jest czynnikiem zakaźnym, który wywoływał wiele razy niepokój na świecie i tzw. outbreaks (ogniska zapalne/epidemiczne – przyp. MK)  z powodu infekcji/zakażeń mogących spowodować śmierć płodu oraz powikłania u noworodków, w tym mikrocefalię. Rezultaty uzyskane w opisywanej pracy polegające na badaniu martwo urodzonych dzieci oraz noworodków, których zgon został spowodowany ZIKV, uwidoczniły rzeczywisty i złożony związek między odpowiedzią immunologiczną a występowaniem procesu niszczenia komórki. W tym badaniu głównymi rodzajami śmierci komórki były martwica i apoptoza. Jak piszą badacze, zaobserwowali oni, że immunoekspresja interleukin IL-4, IL-10, IL-33, enzymów iNOS, oraz arginazy 1 była zwiększona w przypadkach, w których neuronalna martwica w warstwie korowej okazywała się bardzo głęboka. Pośród tych markerów interleukina IL-33 może być kluczowym czynnikiem niezbędnym do dalszego objaśnienia genezy neuronalnej martwicy, jako że ta cytokina bezpośrednio uczestniczy w procesie nekroptozy będącej rodzajem zaprogramowanej śmierci komórki. (Paradoksalnie duże uwodnienie komórek mózgowia przyspiesza procesy martwicze z uwagi na obecność wirusa – przyp. MK). 

    Apoptoza jest prawdopodobnie kluczowym typem śmierci komórki zaangażowanym w wywołanie uszkodzenia CNS spowodowanego ZIKV. W obecnym badaniu ekspresja białka caspase 3 była zwiększona, szczególnie w miąższu obejmującym obszary kory mózgowej. Te odkrycia współistnieją z wynikami modeli eksperymentalnych in vitro oraz sugerują apoptozę jako główny czynnik śmierci komórki neuronalnej i zmniejszonej masy mózgowej u ludzi. Dodatkowo zwiększona ekspresja caspase 3, zwłaszcza w miąższu, korelowała pozytywnie z ekspresją zestawu cytokin, które bezpośrednio lub pośrednio są związane ze zjawiskiem procesu programowanej śmierci komórki.

    Fenotyp komórek wywołujących odpowiedź immunologiczną przeciw ZIKV w trzech opisywanych przedziałach składał się z antygenu obecnego w komórce i astrocytów (S100), komórek NK CD57), M1 makrogagów/mikrogleju (CD68), M2 makrofagów/mikrogleju (CD163), limfocytów T (CD4+, CD8+) oraz komórek Treg (FoxP3). Immunobarwienie dla S100 w oponach mózgowo-rdzeniowych i przestrzeni okołonaczyniowej wskazywało, że astrocyty okołonaczyniowe oraz komórki z antygenem mogą aktywnie uczestniczyć w odpowiedzi neurozapalnej. Kilka badań nad flawiwirusami zaraportowało bezpośredni związek komórek z antygenem z wywołaniem neurodestrukcyjnego procesu z powodu neurozapalenia. W modelu eksperymentalnym odnotowano, że ZIKV infekuje ogromną liczbę astrocytów obecnych w warstwach korowych oraz subkorowych.

    Interesującym odkryciem jest to, że zakażenie astrocytów było blisko związane ze zwiększoną ekspresją genu AXL. Innym aspektem, który został poddany dyskusji w kontekście wydłużonej infekcji astrocytów (zakażenia wirusem, czyli wiązaniami między białkami struktur mózgowia a wirusowymi – przyp. MK), jest to, że odporność ZIKV (silna budowa genetyczna – przyp. MK) może prowadzić do zwiększonej obecności wirusa w warstwie korowej i zakażenia dodatkowych komórek kory mózgowej (zwiększonej ilości wirusa w mózgu, gdyż proces namnażania trwa – przyp. MK). Co więcej, badania udowodniły, że utrata astrocytów w korze mózgowej może wywołać powstanie procesu zapalnego, uogólnioną śmierć komórki oraz zmniejszenie gęstości gleju i populacji neuronów. To zaś ostatecznie skutkuje powstaniem zwapnień, które są powszechnie odkrywane w przypadkach wrodzonych zakażeń i mikrocefalii z powodu ZIKV.

    Autorka powyższego tłumaczenia dziękuje badaczom oraz redakcjom pisma i serwisu online „Nature” za możliwość przetłumaczenia badania na język polski.  Jednocześnie zastrzega, aby w razie potrzeby uzyskania dodatkowych wyjaśnień lub informacji zwracać się bezpośrednio do lekarzy zajmujących się leczeniem mikrocefalii (jest to możliwe) albo naukowców.

  • What is the Iran War about and what for?

    By Marta Koblanska, April 27, 2026, 12:00 Poland’s time, Photo: pumping oil, thanks to TyliJura, Pixabay

    The more oil you have, the less water you drink. Conversely, the more water you need, the better your weapon becomes, unless your technology does not require that much water – a piece of the story about the war with Iran.

    The US President Donald Trump is struggling to convince the world that his stance against Iran is right and the measures he has undertaken are justified. The major argument includes the nuclear power Iran can possess, along with the enrichment of uranium, the key ingredient for both energy and weapon production. The next or the first oil comes as the prices surge in regions where America would rather seek, if not support, at least understanding. Unexpectedly for some, in line with the mostly binding church message, the Pope turned out to be an ignoramus in foreign policy, leaving the space just for the one leader, self-proclaimed – Donald Trump.

    Fighting against Iran is tough, as is fighting against Israel, although the latter represents Western values in the Middle East. In the past, many armies attempted to conquer the cradle of philosophy, home to one of the greatest philosophers ever – Zarathustra. None of them succeeded. And now, as Iran is fighting for the dignity of the whole Islamic World, where sometimes you can have an impression, it is not clear who is shooting at whom and why, Israel, backed by the US, is fighting exactly about the same. The balance is complicated and often not clear for most of the audience, including the author of this analysis.

    The Israeli state began in 1948 with a colossal effort of the Israeli people whose survival throughout World War Second was a miracle. They were not warmly welcomed by the Arabian countries, which continuously rubbed their nose in it. However, Arabs were not wholly aware of the Israeli fate during World War II. Paradox, but the only state which was aware of the situation was Iran, which decided to help, as well as, unfortunately, that might have also been Palestine. Israel had to hear vows to push them back into the sea, and this is how the Middle East conflict originally started. Someone eventually said stop and let the Israeli stay. The country could have been Saudi Arabia after confirmation that the long-standing so-called gossip spreading around about the Gehenna of the Israeli people was true.

    Recently, the bilateral talks between Israel and Lebanon started with a hope for a firm solution between one country digging out another. The images from Lebanon are not very nice, still not so touchy, as those from Palestine. But, stunning, Lebanon could be crucial to achieving peace in the Middle East and may play a significant role in resolving the Palestinian issue, especially if Israel halts its bombings. It’s important to note that US-Iran negotiations are largely independent of the situation involving Lebanon and Hezbollah. However, reaching a resolution may require substantial concessions that may not be well-received by Israel’s neighbouring countries. Unfortunately, after targeting a water distillation facility in Kuwait, Israel may adopt an even firmer stance.

    Back to Iran and its uranium enrichment programme, I would suggest carefully checking what the key components of the process are. The more of them Iran needs, the less is left for others. Anyway, this is not a major problem. The main problem is that, anytime after Arabic countries, Israel, and Iran manage to secure their water needs, someone is all of a sudden leaving the club and starts to jeopardise the quotas with the arguments – we need a bit more. Another scenario involves the fact of digging long horizontal tunnels deep underground, which, due to the geological structure of the land in many parts of the Middle East, often contaminates drinking water or causes it to disappear. For those who are interested, why is oil production in the Middle East the cheapest in the world? Due to the land structure, the reservoirs are easily accessible to the surface/stretch what makes oil and gas very easy to extract. However, as natural gas requires water for production and water is more valuable in the Middle East than oil, the method of oil extraction there had to be changed or was supposed to be changed. Except for Iran in terms of the geological land structure, which, although it has to be more focused on getting out the fossils, secures the most valuable fuel for some economic sectors, with jet and marine fuel as the leaders. So, both straits’ blockades would be a real disaster not only for the oil-importing countries but also for the leading troublemakers, the US, first of all.

    Iran, which in some sense subsidised Western markets by not charging the oil transporting vessels for passing through Hormuz, now starts to require tolls. And in the view of the author of this writing, it is justified, no matter what the US and the rest are thinking. In these oil-crossing fees, as well as the programme of Iranian uranium enrichment, there could be seen many premises of the fragile-suspended conflict. Whether Iran should have a nuclear weapon or not, while officially around 10 countries in the world have about 13 thousand nuclear missiles, according to reports, is an open question. In 2022, the treaty against the spread of nuclear weapons was ratified by a total of 66 countries. The US and Russia can have about 4.5 thousand 100-kiloton missiles, while India and Pakistan have around 500 each. However, bringing Iran to the leverage does not represent anyone’s interest. The US, although continuously the strongest and leading superpower (check what currency is strengthening short-term, not matter if oil price goes up or down, especially when a military conflict is looming, anyway the other one seen as most firm can stabilize medium-term due to, let’s say, more modern fuels structure) promised recently not to use nuclear weapons against Iran. Whether this time it is true, as not so long ago a couple of the heaviest bombers were deceptively directed toward the Middle East, the compromise will of the sides can show.

    Disclaimer: This analysis reflects only the author’s perspective. For professional insights, please consult the relevant experts.

  • Patriot systems gift for Ukraine is in Poland’s interest

    I remember how Mr Władysław Kosiniak-Kamysz run toward Mr Lloyd Austin, former United States Secretary of Defence and all the sudden the US has agreed to pass to Poland, as the country still represents the firmest Eastern flank of NATO, additional Patriot systems. The latter continue to remain one of the most desired defence technology in the world. This is why I like current explanations of the government, why the systems were granted to Ukraine and see, as not justified the ,,proposals” to put Mr Kosiniak -Kamysz under the penal tribunal for politicians and ministers in charge – The State Tribunal (usually performed after the election shift). The ,,donation” or gift is perfectly in line with the interest of Poland.  Watch full video. 

  • Warsaw look and health system in a nutshell

    Why does the  slightly upgraded test for HPV, the key to protect against women cancer or head and neck cancer cost PLN 469 per each? How much does Poland Health Incumbent NFZ pay medics and for the health as such except patients’ curing? 

    Watch full videos, two due to my IT limit for data insertation.

  • Poland’s economy brand in a nutshell

    The number of new job places obtained by the current Poland Foreign Investments and Trade Agency equaled  6800 in 2025.  The unemployed numbers are close to one milion. I am a bad fairy. This year is to be worse. Watch full video. 

     

  • Does Civic Coalition already know it lost the next election?

    By Marta Koblanska. Recorded on June 24,2026, 6 p. m. and published at 8:00 p.m. Poland’s time

    Why do I give my complete credibility to Dr Emil, when you count as your work service that has already been financed with publicly collected and shared money? A yellow tip for lawyers and medics, which explains why the ruling Civic Coalition has already lost the upcoming next election.  Watch the full video. Upgrade to prof. Dudek: Decent medics with decent knowledge and experience do not need to assist a medical procedure to figure out blatant mistakes. If Dr Emil had assisted, he could have problems. 

  • Polish politics in a nutshell

    By Marta Koblanska/Koblańska, Recorded June 23, 206

    Why is Poland to get only several contracts for Ukraine reconstruction/recovery, while about delegations of 60 countries are expected to be hosted in Gdansk? Why, in the health system, we can observe a double que, both financed by the money coming from all tax-payers? 

  • Why can be Gdansk an eye for Europe?

    Is the EU to give a gren-light to the Ukraine accession due to the substantial decrease of the corruption rate, despite ongoing war? It could, as the war could end sooner than later in this case. This is why President Zelenski is welcome to visit Gdansk. I liked the action of returning Polish orders that ment Ukrainians can fight for their basic human rights. That is well-seen within the EU. I would invite to Gdansk former Poland’s Presidents, as well. Watch full video. I am sorry for not very sophisticated look and burnt teeth.

     

  • Shall UK Prime Minister be gone? No. But likely it happens

    Why does the US President Donald Trump along with the current UK Foreign Affairs Minister, Scotland-born vow to dismiss the UK Prime Minister, who sucessfully maintains the balance and smoothens tensions? This I do not know. Shall Mr Keir Starmer be gone? No. But, when I say no that happens, so chances he retains his power seem to be minimal, unfortunately. Or am I wrong? 

     

  • Why is dancing Bad changed?

    Michael – the movie that can connect or disconnect – depending on the interpretation. My few words about Michael Jackson story with strong admiration for Jaafar. 

     

  • Who is telling the truth, who is messing up?

    When the binding currency changes and the authorities loses legitimacy? Please, do not confuse with anarchy or count as a mistake. 

  • Thursday morning assessment of the world tips

    Without introduction with the the hope for peace. Watch full video. Recorded on June 18, 2026, 9:15 Poland’s time. 

  • When you clear out the mind

    There are random and triggered mistakes. Is it possible to foresee at least those triggered? Not exactly, as usually we do not expect them. My king-sized performance about catastrophes that could have been prevented, in my opinion. In Polish, recorded on May 25, 2026. With my warmest congratulations to prof. Piotr Rutkowski because of ASCO with many thanks for real help and kindness. 

  • Short, lesery message to UK Lord David Lammy

    No words to start with. David Lammy justifies crime on a very young. My connotation is, although not nice – Banderyzm. British can check in the dictionary. Anyway I do not like the last year Poland’s establishment of the National Remembrance Day of the Victims of Genocide set for July 11th, as it is, now, on hand for Russia.

     

    Very sorry to Pascal Lamy for messing up surnames.

  • Ghost play for Pete Hegseth: When is security enhanced?

    When is security enhanced? A ghost play for Europes’ marines. Spontanously recorded. 

  • Has Donald Trump got a place for landing?

    Despite the gorgeus health status of Europe’s firmest ally, the US president Donald Trump, I am afraid of the prescpription change. Hopefully not accidentally.  Seriously. Who is doing business on death? Sleepy Joe or acting Trump? Watch the full video. 

     

  • Shall the White Eagle be taken back or remain?

    Majority of Poles wish President Zelenski to return the White Eagle Award otherwise the Poles will take it back. My question is how come? Seriously. The pain should not be a matter of trade. Naming the ongoing in fight Ukrainian Army division with Ukrainian Upraising Army UPA is a sovereign decision for the purpose of the current situation. UPA as such and its reference to Poles represents the past. Why? Listen to the recording. 

  • Who said first about oil&economy shrinking?

    The question could be about the chief-in-charge of the near future oil&gas along with nuke market shape. The recent IEA focus on efficiency investments in energy clears all ilusions. 

     

  • Zerwane więzi – odwrócony przykład społeczności Ike’ów

     

  • Security of oil supply to Poland, 2003 – smells like a mouse or makes a mouse the looser

    By Marta Koblańska, April 2003, Photo: Oil well extraction, Pixabay

    Whether the world has changed and stopped being a playground of tensions between groups with different interests. The answer can be partially found below.

    Thanks firstly to the British Council and the Reuters Foundation Programme for enabling me to come to Oxford and conduct the research. Many thanks to Paddy Coulter and Jenny Darnley for their support and kindness.

    I am particularly grateful to Robert Mabro, the director of the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, who had patience with me and helped me to complete the project. I would like to thank him for the support and encouragement. I would like to thank Jonathan Stern, who kindly agreed to be my supervisor. His comments opened my thinking and did not let my brain remain fixed.

    I would like to thank also Jan Krzysztof Bielecki, John Mitchell, Serguei Popov and Taras Sobolev who agreed to provide their knowledge of oil issues.

    Many thanks to Rajeev Desphande and Hedwig Kainberger who helped me to polish the language.

    Introduction

    As Martin Woolf 1pointed out, the world’s economy runs on oil and people have a right to fight for stable supplies. This means supplies at reasonable prices, which would guarantee economical performance and prove beneficial for citizens of the world.

    Without getting into the question of equitable development, it could be more necessary to answer the question of whether the world has changed and stopped being a playground of tensions between groups with different interests. If not, then there remains an ongoing fight for hegemony between some countries, and only the fighting tools may be technologically and economically superior.

    After the Second World War, the frontier of the conflict was clear: on the one side was the Soviet Union, having “captured” Eastern and South European peoples and then trying to export its ideology and the centrally planned economy to other parts of the world. On the other side of the fence was the United States with its alliance with Western Europe, representing democracy and market economies. The West, which stood for democracy and high living standards, was, however, seen by Eastern Europeans as having “sacrificed” nations and people to the east of the Iron Curtain. This rich Western part of the world got its citizens used to a certain way of political expression, a certain standard of living and values, which altogether are more or less a product of the technological and economic development of those societies and value systems.

    These values were always difficult to give up, and a worsening standard of living always meant political troubles. As the world’s economy runs on oil and the resources are unfairly spread among countries, it is but natural that oil-importing countries would like to be assured of secure supplies. Reasonable oil prices make business cheaper, which contributes to higher demand for other goods and services, making financial markets smile, as people have more spare money to invest in successful companies. The economic boom is good for these people because when they retire, they benefit in terms of maintaining the high standards of living that they have been used to. Economic boom also makes the job of politicians easier. They do not need to worry about how to deal with unemployment and poverty. They do not know how to share the money of a sparse budget. When the economy is doing well, Western politicians can win elections by giving more privileges and thus satisfy their electorate.

    The troubles start when the economy is going down or in the case of oil disruption, which, as “ petrol is vital for the functioning of the economy like bread” 2, is likely to lead to social demands, if not social conflict.

    After the collapse of communism, politicians and nations announced a new order for the world and a new basis for political and economic partnership. Some of the former Soviet Union satellites, including Poland, the Czech Republic, and Hungary, became members of NATO, an organization which was believed to guarantee security in the case of a military threat, as it had been created after the Second World War in order to “ bring the French in, keep the Germans down and keep the Russians out”3. Along with democracy spreading through the former Soviet bloc, political stability and efficient economies became factors determining membership of the “rich club”.

    But those countries, including Poland, which have not forgotten petrol quotas, electricity shortage, and the Soviet Union’s domineering threatening attitudes and postures – including the possibility of oil supply cut-offs — the new realities do not appear so certain. The societies of former Soviet satellites have not forgotten that attempts to deviate from the imposed political line and command economy resulted in threats. And despite the political situation in Central and Eastern Europe having drastically changed after the fall of communism, fears of being at the receiving end of an “oil weapon” are still widely shared in the region, including Poland.

    A question whether oil supply is secured for countries, which through a historic turn of events face a new future, remains widely relevant. Whether the oil supply security has been significantly enhanced after the changes and whether it will be further enhanced after accession to the European Union still constitutes a vital issue. The answers to this debate remain subject to assessments and speculation. This does not reduce the implications of oil security on the unity between eastern and western Europe.

    Full paper, including the literature and interviewers’ names, under the link below (Word version exported to PDF). The original language has not been changed.

    I would like to dedicate this to my parents for supporting me throughout my undergraduate studies, caring tenderly for one underage, and to my friends who shared in my joy and happiness just after the qualification. (I had three universities in the UK to study at, but have been very encouraged to go to Oxford during the final interview, even though my overall IELTS score was 6.5). I am also grateful to all those who gave me valuable advice on how to conduct myself and seek a job with the leader of the British Council when I needed help. Additionally, I would like to thank Lux-Med for providing me with a special and very generous health care offer after I requested to join the alumni society of British universities in Warsaw. Lastly, I would like to acknowledge Jan Krzysztof Bielecki for the references that I never received, as well as the sponsor who, unfortunately, misallocated his funds, as I turned out to be discreditable from the honor of being among Oxford Alumni. (Not to mention the European Commission pre-accession training). Anyway, best regards for Mr Luptak!

  • How the new human begins

    By Marta Koblanska, February 24, 2025, 13:30 Poland’s time, photo: illustration of conception/fertilization, the flagellum of the sperm cell remains outside the ovum, thanks to videomediaart, Pixabay

    The known rate of embryo defects is 13.2 percent; still, this rate is increasing as new mutant genes responsible for these defects are identified.

    Human fertility and the stages of development have not been fully understood. Numerous genetic and environmental factors play a role in the successful formation of a healthy zygote, morula, blastocyst, and embryo, ultimately leading to a fetus and a child capable of living outside the womb. 

    Recent research from Fudan University in China, titled “Genetic Landscape of Human Oocyte/Embryo Defects,” published in ,,Cell Genomics”, sheds more light on this issue. The study highlights that both reproduction and infertility can be influenced by genetic factors to some extent. Approximately 47 percent of embryo defects are linked to specific gene mutations that primarily contribute to infertility and result in significant developmental challenges.

    The first reported pathogenic gene associated with the most common and typical oocyte defects is TUBB8, which encodes a specific beta-tubulin protein found in primates, including humans. This protein plays a crucial role in spindle assembly during cell division. TUBB8 is involved in both mitosis (the division of somatic cells, which are non-reproductive cells) and meiosis (the division of gametes) at the early stages of organism development. It is essential for oocyte maturation, a process by which an immature sex cell, known as an oocyte, develops into an ovum in the ovary, with its release regulated by the Graafian follicle. Additionally, TUBB8 contributes to maintaining the correct structure of the cytoskeleton.

    This process occurs after chromosomes are successfully transported to opposite ends of a cell, a movement that takes place during both mitosis and meiosis. While mitosis is essential for maintaining genetic stability and serves as a foundational step for further development, meiosis supports growth and differentiation. However, this does not imply that random mistakes during development cannot be self-corrected. The initial stage after conception, known as cleavage, occurs through mitosis. Nevertheless, if a cytoskeleton is not present to provide structural support, growth becomes very limited or even impossible.

    In the study led by the Chinese scientists, which included 3627 patients in the cohort, the most common cases of defects represented oocyte defects (42,9 percent), among those 6,8 percent cases pertained to abnormal fertilization and 50,3 percent embryonic arrest. The contribution rate of tubulin protein to oocyte defects was approximately 10 percent, according to scientists.

    Interestingly, both oocyte DNA fragmentation and sperm DNA fragmentation can lead to miscarriage, even though conception and some development occur. The explanation for this is very simple. A new human begins as a two-cell zygote formed from an egg (ovum) and sperm, which then divides into a four-cell stage and subsequently into a morula. During this process, which involves RNA and DNA, mistakes can happen. Furthermore, Chinese scientists have identified not only the previously defined gene set of 37 but also an additional 123 novel candidate genes that may be responsible for oocyte and embryo defects.

    Oocyte defects primarily included infertility resulting from the production of immature oocytes, including empty follicle syndrome, zona pellucida defects, oocyte maturation defects, morphological defects, and so forth. Abnormal fertilization was defined as the absence of normal zygotes (2PN) after IVF/ICSI, mainly manifested by multiple pronuclei or no pronuclei formation. Embryonic arrest was defined as the inability of embryos to develop into normal eight-cell embryos or blastocysts, as well as recurrent implantation failures of viable embryos, says Lei Wang, the lead researcher of the study.

Got any book recommendations?


Repetitio mater studiorum est

If anyone could give me a paid job in line with my qualifications, not because I do not want to work at shop or warehouse, but due to my low section spine impairment since mid- 2020 (sometimes very paintful) or even since mid-2003 (up-section hyperextension confirmed in medical exam) and very serious sight impairment since early childhood that excludes heavy or even moderate lifting or too exessive effort, I would strongly appreciate it.

Other way to support is to pay a free amount directly to my banking account with the number as follows:

BREXPLPWMBK98114020040000360233760739

That could help me to upgrade the site and continue work on it, unless no one wants me to write or say anything more. For now, in June 14408 valid views, 9188 so-called errors, 5781 sessions with 1:54 for a single one. Since the beginning of 2026 – 71419 valid views for 32259 sessions with 37 sec. of average duration. Last year 167315 with 44820 sessions. Last 7 days: 2248 with 2:04 of an average session duration. The number of sessions: 1513. Have not gotten a penny for my hard work. Total views in June 2026: about 17000. Bots account for 13.9% share in total access in 2026. For the last month bots obtained 9.1% share in views. The valid pages access increased within the last 30 days by 21% to 12811, while client error pages dropped by 2% versus 30 previous days to 4423. Last month by 21% to 12811. China share: 20% with 894 sessions. The US – 27.8% with 1247 sessionins. Singapore – 6.2% share. Poland – 138 with 3.1% share for the last month- June 2026 and 2.8% share with 144 sessions for the last 30 days. The total number of vires since the beginning of this year – 2026 – about 100000. I resigned from these ,,professional” sources, as I am not going to perform unpaid highly-skilled work. No single word from me about medicine or energy. Unless anyone is willing to pay me – on my banking account for the content she/he used/uses at various meetings, conferences, decision-making sittings, etc. The banking account number has been specified on the website – above. The tax is to be paid. People do not wish me to be journalist – fine. I accept.

And again, as still dirty attempts are made: I do not wish any contact with my parents, especially so-called farther, so-called family, and any former boyfried, former fiances or would-be husbands. True friends are welcome!

To confess: my main regret is given help in 1999 and the British Chevening Scholarship in 2002/03 in Oxford (anyway stolen, as I could notice living in a huge trauma for the recent over 20 years), as well as baptism and brain-washing in the Polish mafian church with my (fortunately dead) lovely aunty.

My email, if someone wants to return my 50 birthday present (purchased myself) ,,How the Female Body Drove 200 million Years of Human Evolution” is evolutionandsecurity@proton.me. Just read about a half. But sometimes read from the end! The decision to clear me out has been made on January 20, 2024, when I was in London for my birthday. Did anyone wish me anything nice for my birthday in the recent years? Apart from those realy unfortunate wishes you want to breake me again to accept. No. It has been clear for many, many years.

My heart stopped on February 28, 2024 after 3 years of hard and heart-given work along with very sore spine for Polish Public Television, Science Unit because I wanted to have normal life and on May 8, 2025 after tremendously hard work for Medonet/Onet, because I wanted my Oxford Diploma/background to be published on their website and wanted to write a decent story about the medical boundaries in human development to cut or at least decrease life-costing mistakes. I just needed more medical information.

Lesson: never help others, even though their life is threaten. Why? Because you will not even receive information about a mass in the intention of their health improvement. You will be accused of bringing insects to the flat because you do not have time to stay long and you do not want to clean as this is not your home. The keys will be immediately taken with the message – go for a holiday, rest! Others will ask: why are you doing this? Going to the rehabilitation place? You want this flat, don’t you? – when you give a paid advert to contact someone close to smooth suffering because of the illness. For your birthday present you will receive an evicion of allegedly unpaid invoices for funded from your money rehabilitation of the person life you accidentally saved, which had been paid a year ago. And when you need a job, you get an offer to be a free caregiver. You really did not want to save, as you did not want to open the door in the early morning, alone, not seeing, who is knocking and why. Was my door the only one knocked to? You can be paid caregiver but far away from your country with broken spine. So never again!

So my heart will not beat anymore, as it used to. Too much dirt. Fingers crossed for those, who have faith! One message – I was scheduled for an upgrade surgery of my low-back spine twice, as the first one is not well-done. Who received it instead, as my ,,injury” was less important for medics and the so-called familiy and former friends?

My final thoughtful request is: I would kindly ask to take under consideration that I would like to receive my upgraded Oxford Diploma along with the Alumni Number for the paper I researched and wrote within 3 months, when the stipulated time was one year, upgraded University of Warsaw Diploma and a decently-paid job in line with my qualifications, along with the reunion to the society and people at my age, instead of constantly hearing – no place, go somewhere else, we do not like you, take your medicines and shut up, go to bed, you are a course and useless slut, as it was a very nice summary of my work for Polish Public Television along with pictures of mine which were not mine in line with the philosopy – you are that much slut, another time makes no difference. I have a deal with someone and I would like to start my own life for myself at once at the age of over 52. Of course I can do nothing if you are not wishing or willing to accept my requests. But, anyway all of them, now, have been expressed clearly and openly. With restrictions: no former boyfrieds, fiances, would-be husbands or the so-called family that can be easily checked in records. No trust from me anymore after so many humililiations and infractings to check whether I deserved life and job or not deserved.

And yes, I was waiting for theoretically my friends to call and say a good word about me. Spontanously, to invite me somewhere to spend some time with me, to ask how I am, to say something nice, to say my writing improved, my look, just to talk and not to use everything they hear against. Not the old ones. At my age. Instead I got imairment in exchange for money, that I had to take. I look in the mirror. What can I see? Empty. Wishing you smile and happiness, when you are happy because of someone’s else breakdown! And yes, I feel deeply hurt, constantly hurt, despite all my efforts and trials to deserve for a normal life – job, someone close, flat renovation, cat, sometimes restaurant. Instead I can not get connexion with anyone, even if I see that someone called, I am hungry, as I do not have money to buy food, bank refuses a loan as the perspective has been downgraded. Why? Because I smoke? If I had a tiny chance for a normal, stable life with someone with me (apart from the mentioned above who the most substantial help was given not only in 1999, with this I did not want and I do not want anything – it would not be different this time), that I want to be with, not because others want, I would have given up smoking many years ago. I smoke nearly 40 years. That happen, if you sell your child, when you do not need to or you buy it, because you have your own plan for its life. Can not forgive? I can. Did it many times and many times was asking it for myself. No one wished. Why? Maybe because they think I should forgive this I do not want to, as one or two of my former friends suggested. And really this time, I do not want to. Why? No trust. Simple.

And to be honest, I would not trust God at least on Earth taking into account the numbers of dead in wars, because of fanatics actions and brain-clearing catholic propaganda along with money for births, baptisms, weddings and funerals. The quantity of the latter substantially increased in the recent years. People decide about their faith. And the only way to stop fault deaths is fair-play, free choice and respect to ,,no” instead of constantly destroying, what someone else is trying to build, not to mention someone elses’ work robbery, depriving or helping others just to build its own connexions and image. Hell and devils welcome!

Happy Chevening meeting in Warsaw! Would be nice to be invited. No one called to say a word. Instead of me those who ruined, stole my life, paper, health and money and I do not wish any contact with. But I would come, if anyeone else had told me. So another proof how totally I was excluded and recognized as disgraced, persona-non-grata. As I said no contact with the so-called farther and his holly wife. I returned the parcel from them without opening. Another proof how totally they do not respect what I am saying and what I am asking for. To AstraZeneca – no consent from me to store my data anymore. Wishing you a nice evening raut!

It would be also, first of all, nice to enter the place of meeting because of my Grandma Birthday Commemoration. As usually since the recent 23 years – the door was closed. With kind regards and best wishes! I am not expecting anything from you, you don’t expect anything from me. For me, you are both dead for these all years of heart and help from my side, sent money and support as such. Never again.

To University of Warsaw. You do not have me among those you can be proud of. I have not turned out to be human. Another form to join an event and find out there is no place for me. Thank you!

marta.koblanska@evolutionandsecurity.com, evolutionandsecurity@proton.me

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