• Rosja w polskiej pigułce

    By Marta Koblanska, February 9, 2026, 12:00 Poland’s time, photo: sunflowers, thanks to Pixabay

    Kiedy podajesz paszport na granicy, w żołądku pojawiają się mrówki. Rybie oczy mierzą na wskroś twoją postać, jak gdyby miała za chwilę zniknąć. To moje pierwsze wrażenia z dawnego Kaliningradu.

    Jednak za granicą krajobraz jest właściwie podobny. Może trochę bardziej płasko. Różnice uświadamiasz sobie, gdy autobus mija starsze kobiety z lokalnymi potrawami w słoikach oraz w toalecie dworcowej na tzw. narciarza. Dworzec pełen drewnianych budek z alkoholem w kartonach. Często metylowym. Ale za to przed wejściem miłe staruszki z pierogami z mięsem. Do dziś je pamiętam. Tak były pyszne, choć znajomy Rosjanin zniechęcał na wszelkie możliwe sposoby, że niby farsz lekko przegnił. Zresztą podobno bezpieczniej do wszelkiej konsumpcji zastosować wysokoprocentową odtrutkę. To w telegraficznym skrócie Kaliningrad (nie wiem, dlaczego w Polsce zmieniono nazwę na Królewiec o brzmieniu nawiązującym do tradycji monarchistycznych) 30 lat temu. Byłam tam chyba dwa razy, na szczęście z byłym już narzeczonym oraz raz ze znajomym pochodzącym z Republiki Komi. To on powiedział mi po stronie polskiej, upewniając się, że szlaban został opuszczony i nikt nie będzie ścigał (do Rosji łatwiej wjechać niż z niej wyjechać), że choć mieszka już w Polsce jakiś czas zupełnie legalnie, to zawsze przy przekraczaniu granicy z Rosją czuje lęk, że już stamtąd nie wróci.

    Czy teraz jest inaczej? Na pewno trochę tak, bo Rosjanie wstydzili się tej swojej ,,inności”. Są więc markowe sklepy, supermarkety, lepsze autobusy miejskie i lepsze samochody. Rosjanie wyjeżdżają na zagraniczne wakacje. Niektórzy naprawdę dużo zarabiają. Wielu bardzo dobrze zna i rozumie europejską, czy też inaczej mówiąc – zachodnią kulturę. Niemniej Rosja nadal pozostaje tzw. Przedmurzem. I nie ma na nią reguł możliwych do umocowania tak w sferze Wschodu, jak i Zachodu. Dlaczego?

    Wbrew twierdzeniom wielu, Rosja jest bardzo dobrze zorganizowanym państwem, niemniej o strukturze trudnej do zaakceptowania przez społeczeństwa demokratyczne. Ma to swoje korzenie w historii, a przede wszystkim w 300-letnim okresie tzw. Wielkiej Smuty, kiedy prężnie rozwijający się kraj został opanowany przez Mongołów – tzw. Złota Orda. Z tego okresu, a konkretnie od czasów Jarosława Mądrego, wywodzi się sposób rządzenia ludźmi i państwem, które w końcu zostało odzyskane, choć niezupełnie uwolnione od wpływów Wschodu. Tradycji demokratycznych Rosja nie ma, około 40-letni okres przymusowej służby wojskowej najniższych warstw, zazwyczaj chłopskich oraz cztery tomy historii napisanej przez Bazylowa, którą każdy Rosjanin musi przeczytać, zapamiętać i zdać, tworzą mieszankę iście wybuchową. Do tego dochodzą rosyjska duma, ale też kompleksy zarówno wobec Zachodu, jak i Wschodu. Niemniej Rosjanie, w przeciwieństwie do wielu Polaków są na Zachodzie lubiani, choć ta sympatia jest też wykorzystywana do tzw. Przeciągania liny na swoją stronę.

    Wbrew oczekiwaniom Zachodu marne są szanse, aby Rosja stała się krajem demokratycznym w powszechnym rozumieniu. Pisał już o tym, zdaje się, Karol Bohdanowicz, jeden z najsłynniejszych i najlepszych polskich geologów, któremu zarówno Rosja, jak i Polska zawdzięczają odkrycia wielu kluczowych dla rozwoju gospodarczego surowców. Powód jest bardzo prosty. Za ścianą są Chiny. Nie wiem, czy którekolwiek państwo europejskie chciałoby mieć takiego sąsiada, nic nie ujmując ani prezydentowi, ani obywatelom Chin. Raczej płonna jest też nadzieja, że Rosję da się „oswoić”, co nie oznacza, że negocjacje są zbędne. 

    Ukraińska Agencja Informacyjna alarmowała o outagach, czyli wyłączeniach z systemu energetycznego określonych obszarów Ukrainy po rosyjskich atakach. Nie znam obecnej sytuacji na froncie, ponieważ różne źródła różnie ją przedstawiają. Amerykański prezydent stwierdził jednak niedawno, że jego ,,zabezpieczeniem” staje się Polska. Niemniej termin zakończenia wojny na Ukrainie został wyznaczony na czerwiec tego roku. Jeśli Ukrainie uda się uniknąć całościowego wyłączenia systemu energetycznego w zimie, choć koszty ludzkie są ogromne, termin jest na korzyść Ukrainy. Z drugiej strony, ciepła wiosna z lekkim wiatrem może przynieść innym nieprzyjemny zapach tak ukraińskich, jak i rosyjskich trupów. Linia demarkacyjna dla Polski i krajów bałtyckich? Pozostawiam ocenę ekspertom. 

     

  • A new approach to correcting errors. The way to modify the body blocks

    By Marta Koblańska, January 29, 2026, 16:00 Poland’s time. The Author of the photo: Ruijin Ji, Cell Reports 

    By modifying the conversion of purine bases that constitute a body’s template for growth and health, it may be possible to cure the most damaging illnesses, according to scientists in China.

    China is well-known for its farsighted medical experiments. The country also has more flexible legal rules to conduct them, while it has switched toward conditions for experiments from ex vivo to in vivo. The recent outcomes have shown awesome achievement. In the new study published on January 20, 2026, in the journal ,,Cell Reports Medicine,” scientists present a new approach, thus based on previous discoveries of the CRISPR approach to the naturally occurring process of DNA and RNA repairing due to random or facilitated mistakes/errors, which may lead to various deficits or health problems in eukaryotes.

    The major achievement is thus that using biological/genetic engineering, we can change the location or conversion of purine bases in a given section of our DNA or RNA, with an emphasis on the single-stranded nucleic acid RNA. And this is absolutely newest, as previously, the CRISPR tool, technologically enhanced, was first of all dedicated to cutting off the damaged fragments of the genome, thus enabling elimination of fatal or health-destroying mistakes.

    These purine bases, being a rather stable template of us, build up the deoxyribonucleic acid DNA and ribonucleic acid RNA. There are four purine bases for each template, which bind with each other or other compounds, as well as convert in a certain way. The incredibility of the Chinese experiment is based on the repair potential during an editing window, when an insertion is performed by infusion of curing nuclease/deaminase solution to the harmed/degraded location in the genome.

    What is absolutely overwhelming?

    The DNA or RNA templates are not stiff building blocks, but rather act as dynamic transforming substrates; the damage in the process of transformation or the degradation of the base acids can be reversed, for now, in laboratory conditions. The template accepts the donated infusion and undertakes the task of further transformation in line with the newly passed instruction. At the same time, the modified location is avoiding,, error-prone repaired pathways”, as scientists write.

    Why is this experiment/study so important?

    Some may say it represents a strong interference into the chemical and biological processes, which enable the constituting future cell proliferation and growth by grasping the primordial single-strand RNA base, yet during a specified phase of its transformation. The truth is also that RNA errors can later lead to breaks in the double-stranded DNA. The authors of the study say that the editing of the template base via insertions or deletions of a chemically isolated and biologically active solution/base (MK’s note) without cutting both DNA strands in the body, which is aimed to be edited (MK’s note), offers potential therapy, when permanent DNA changes are undesirable.

    Beyond nucleases that induce double-stranded breaks (DSBs), platforms such as base and prime editors enable precise nucleotide substitutions, insertions, or deletions without cutting both DNA strands. Base editors enable single-nucleotide changes without generating DSBs or requiring donor DNA templates, write Ruijin Ji, Quibing Chen, Ying Zhang of Zhongnan Hospital, TaiKang Centre for Life and Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety, University of Wuhan, China.

    The key to the study represents nucleases and adenosine deaminases, acting on RNA (ADAR) enzymes, which enable transient RNA base conversions. In short words, you add a block/molecule in the place that originally has been damaged, or you remove a block/molecule that inhibits the endogenous repair pathway of DNA. And you can take it from a prehistoric organism – a virus which is built only from a single-stranded RNA and called an organism in transition between living and dead, or a bit more advanced – bacteria being recognised as living.

    All of the engineering is possible under the condition that you can do it on time, i.e., in a certain phase of division, which ( a paradox) leads to the growth or conversion, during which the purine bases (specified either in structure or in pairs they bind to or cleave) can change.

    How do the authors of the study describe their achievement?

     – Two major classes of base editors have been developed. Cytosine base editors (CBEs) mediate C⋅G-to-T⋅A conversions by deaminating cytosine to uracil, creating a U⋅G mismatch that is resolved as a T⋅A pair by DNA polymerase. An uracil glycosylase inhibitor (UGI) is often included to prevent uracil excision and enhance editing efficiency. Adenine base editors (ABEs) convert A⋅T to G⋅C by using an evolved adenosine deaminase (derived from Escherichia coli TadA) to deaminate adenine into inosine, which is read as guanine by the DNA polymerase. Base editing occurs within a defined editing window of the single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), where the sgRNA hybridises with the target strand, displacing the non-target strand and exposing PAM-distal nucleotides as ssDNA.These nucleotides are accessible to the deaminase, and their compatibility with the catalytic domain determines the efficiency, position, and specificity – write Ruijin Ji, Quibing Chen, Ying Zhang, who equally contributed to the research.

     – A major challenge in the clinical application of genome editing tools lies in the efficient and targeted delivery of CRISPR tools to specific cells or tissues. Effective delivery systems must ensure high intracellular uptake while minimising cytotoxicity, immune activation, and off-target delivery. Current approaches can be broadly categorised into three classes: physicochemical methods, viral vectors, and non-viral platforms, each with distinct advantages and limitations, claim scientists.

    The work was supported by the Chinese public institutions and organisations, as well as postdoctoral programmes.

     

     

  • Why the Iranian regime must change and Americans keep away

    By Marta Koblanska, January 13, 2026, 20:00 Poland’s time, photo: lipsticks, aleksandra85foto, Pixabay

    People on the Iranian streets await, in the meantime, being shot the America’s intervention. America is not going to come unless the Iranian leader cures his blindness.

    The story of Iran begins long ago. The author of this writing is not fully aware of the early history of Iran or the significant changes that have occurred throughout its past, particularly regarding the vital cultural lines in Persia and the ancient Middle East. Nevertheless, ancient Iran allowed women to enhance their beauty by covering their mouths with red lipstick, making it one of the first places in the world to produce cosmetics for this purpose. The reasons and timing behind the changes in these practices, as well as their impact on maintaining national identity and values, are questions best addressed by experts.

    One way or another, Poland should be particularly grateful to the Iranian people. After the Sikorski-Majski deal during the Second World War, when dirty and thirsty Anders’ Army was leaving/departing the Soviet Union and was kicking out of any territory it moved to, the Iranian people and Iran were those who helped the Poles to survive and allowed them to stay. 

    The Poles had no uniforms, shoes, or cutlery when at night and in portions were silently crossing the Russian Territory, although waiting for those who could escape the Siberian frost. All of them, including Generals Władysław Sikorski and Władysław Anders, were in fear that Soviet authorities would change their mind, and those they were knocking to were also afraid. And, in fact, the exodus of Poles from Soviet friendly ground has eventually been stopped in silence.

    This is why not all Poles could leave Russian territory with General Władysław Anders. Indeed, at the beginning, the Sikorski-Majski deal stipulated that all Poles on Russian Territory were to leave, but afterwards the agreement was changed to – as many as possible. General Władysław Sikorski, because of that, was named by some (also by Poles) as a traitor. But his deal opened the way to the Berling Army, which also enabled Poles to leave the Soviet Union.

    Whether the Iranian people wanted anything in exchange, or not, for sheltering the first Polish Army, we should have asked Ryszard Kapuściński. He might have been the only witness eligible to write about the Iranian Revolution after the Second World War ended.

    Now, despite America’s strong interest in smashing the Iranian cruel regime, Poland should be careful; however, at the same time, it might be the one that could perceive Iranian Islamists feeding the secret services (do not mess up with Muslims) not to kill people who just want to live the way almost everybody lives, now. The other one is Russia, which maintains good relations with Iran and might even better understand its policies, along with the regime’s secrets. Still, the death toll in Iran is frightening.

    A long time ago, I had an opportunity to visit the Iranian Embassy in Warsaw, or it was just an accidental meeting somewhere else with one of the top Iranian leaders at that time. The conversation was short. He was not very nice, although the overall impression remained good. I have no idea what his impression of me was. It might not have been a positive image, as I am usually awful. Nevertheless, if I remember correctly, the conversation included the Polish Army and the image change step by step. The main takeaway was that we did it (helped) against everyone.

    Now, when people on Iranian streets are dying, my first reaction is to help against the Iranian leader. Iran, of course, says – this is America’s fault because they want to impose on us the lifestyle we do not want. America says – we bring democracy and freedom. The Iranian people want them. The Iranian leader would reply – I know what is best for my people. (The result we can count). America’s leader would say – I know what’s best for America and my people, and the Iranian leader is a threat. The Russian leader would say – I know nothing, but leave Iran independent.

  • Propozycje badawcze z roku 2009/2010 – Po co nam ten gaz?

    By Marta Koblańska, 2009/2010, Photo: palnik gazowy, Pixabay

    Stopień zaawansowania cywilizacyjnego może być widziany jako umiejętność użytkowania energii.

    Człowiek, aby odnaleźć swoje miejsce we współczesnym świecie musi dostosować się do wymogów stawianych mu przez zmieniające się otoczenie i cywilizację, w której żyje. Według Leslie White’a człowiek nie buduje kultury, ale jest ona niezależnym systemem, którego reguły są internalizowane. Człowiek z kolei stara się według nich postępować z obawy przed wykluczeniem za złamanie tabu. Współczesne nam tabu świetnie opisuje Alfred Radcliffe-Brown. Kultura wytwarza pewne wartości – najsilniej przyswajane przez człowieka, wartości, dla zachowania i spełnienia których, człowiek jest gotów poświęcić wiele z danej mu i pozyskiwanej przez niego energii.

    Według White’a to umiejętność wytwarzania, pozyskania i zastosowania nadwyżek energii przez grupę kulturową, obecnie naród zorganizowany w państwo, warunkuje rozwój tejże grupy, jej zmianę rozumianą jako postęp. Jest on osiągany między innymi poprzez udoskonalanie narzędzi, którymi posługuje się człowiek od chwili swojego wyewoluowania ułatwiając sobie w ten sposób życie w danym kręgu kulturowym. Stopień zaawansowania cywilizacyjnego może być widziany, jak sądzą niektórzy, jako umiejętność użytkowania energii, umiejętność jej pozyskania w wystarczającej ilości i odpowiedniej formie dla zapewnienia jak największej liczbie ludzi, obywatelom dostępu do ułatwień technologicznych stanowiących nieodzowne elementy postępu interpretowanego, na przykład, jako ilość wolnego czasu. Ten czas może być spożytkowany na rozwój pasji, zainteresowań, na zajęcie się wychowaniem dzieci, czy też konsumpcję. Poprzez powyższy mechanizm surowce energetyczne, takie jak gaz ziemny stają się swoistego rodzaju wartościami, przywiązanie do których wynika z przywiązania do sposobu życia, czy też aspiracji, do osiągnięcia poziomu życia pozwalającego na samorealizację, czy też dostęp do liczniejszych produktów cywilizacji.

    Współcześnie, pomimo zróżnicowania kulturowego na różnych poziomach organizacji grup ludzkich, czy też różnych podstawach przeważających w tejże organizacji – jak pisał Claude Levi-Strauss – podstawie pokrewieństwa, czy też jak chcieli jego oponenci podstawie stosunków produkcji, liderzy społeczni- rządy dążą do zapewnienia narodom, z których się wywodzą, surowców energetycznych niezbędnych do sprostania wymogom dzisiejszego świata – wytwarzania ciepła, paliw, półproduktów do dalszego wytwarzania lekarstw, nawozów, tekstyliów. Dzisiejsza cywilizacja w większym też stopniu polega na mobilności.  Można zaobserwować swego rodzaju zależność między stopniem jej rozwoju rozumianym jako np. liczba ludzi żyjących na sposób nam znany, a liczbą tychże, którzy mogą np. podróżować. Percepcja wolnego czasu i chęć przeznaczenia go na samo podróżowanie współcześnie również jest inna – chcemy wykorzystywać ten czas na samo poznanie, nie na ruch, choć paradoksalnie nasza zdolność ruchu, przemieszczania się jest warunkiem koniecznym poznania – nowych miast, państw, kultur, sposobu życia. Często mobilność jest warunkiem koniecznym naszego uczestnictwa we współczesnym świecie– migracje zarobkowe. Tak, czy inaczej, do tego niezbędne jest paliwo. Podobnie jak do produkcji tworzyw sztucznych, których dostępność poprzez w coraz większym zasięgu akceptowalną cenę dla coraz większych mas ludności dają im szansę włączenia się w nurt swoistej wspólnoty cywilizacyjnej. Paliwo pozyskuje się zgodnie z przesłankami ekonomicznymi i technologicznym zaawansowaniem z węgla, ropy naftowej i gazu ziemnego, przy czym ten ostatni, daje najmniejszą emisję zanieczyszczeń w przeliczeniu na uzyskiwaną z niego jednostkę ciepła. Cena surowców kopalnych umiejscawia alternatywne źródła energii w przyszłości, choć z drugiej strony rośnie ich rola z powodu coraz głośniejszych postulatów wliczania tych tradycyjnych do rachunku kosztów środowiskowych.

    Surowce są więc niezbędne do utrzymania tempa rozwoju, który warunkuje funkcjonowanie człowieka we współczesnej kulturze, we współczesnym mu społeczeństwu, a nie poza nim, przez to stają się swoistą wartością, status quo, który musi wyznaczać linię postępowania polityków, którzy chcąc rządzić muszą utrzymać lub polepszyć stopę życia jak największej liczby członków danego społeczeństwa, bo tylko odczuwalny dobrobyt warunkuje sukces w kolejnych wyborach.

    W swojej pracy chciałabym zbadać możliwości państwa polskiego odnośnie pozyskania i wykorzystania gazu ziemnego, niezbędnego do budowania postępu cywilizacyjnego – sposobu życia Polaków w czasie komunizmu i po przemianach w 1989 roku, Według White’a ilość energii pozyskanej oraz wielkość potrzeb człowieka, grupy, w której żyje oraz liczba wytwarzanych dóbr na jednostkę energii zależy od wydajności narzędzi, za pomocą których energia ta jest wprowadzana do użytku. Chciałabym przeanalizować narzędzia – rozumiejąc je nie tylko jako narzędzia materialne -, którymi dysponujemy, dane mówiące o liczbie wytwarzanych towarów w przeliczeniu na jednostkę energii zużywaną do ich produkcji w latach 70-tych ( od tego czasu Polska otrzymuje gaz ziemny) i obecnie oraz dostępność tychże dóbr dla przeciętnego nabywcy. Chciałabym także pozyskać dane mówiące o sposobie życia Polaków i ewentualnych zmianach poprzez informacje o czasie wykorzystywania gazu ziemnego i spróbować powiedzieć o zmianach, jeśli takowe nastąpiły – np. mniejsze zużycie gazu ziemnego w miastach w godzinach obiadowych. Chciałabym również dowiedzieć się czy i jak zwiększyła się liczba Polaków korzystających z udogodnień takich jak gaz ziemny z sieci, a nie propan – butan z butli (który w rzeczywistości jest pozostałością po przerobie ropy naftowej, podobnie jak napęd do samochodów -LPG).

    Przełożenie surowców na życie codzienne ludzi może być w części wytłumaczeniem zaciekłych sporów polityczno-ekonomicznych o nie. Pytanie jednak, czy służą one wykorzystaniu surowców dla dobra człowieka i ułatwienia jego codziennego życia, czy też włączania coraz więcej jednostek do obiegu cywilizacyjnego, czy też są wykorzystywane do realizacji interesów ideologicznych poszczególnych grup umocowanych, zgodnie z założeniem demokracji, tymczasowo na szczytach władzy.

    Autorka pisała powyższe ,,dywagacje”, kiedy nie mogła wymówić ani słowa w języku angielskim, a deficyty pisanego języka polskiego są widoczne w treści.

  • Carrying a disease. How a gene can alter the sense of life

    By Marta Koblańska, January 2, 2026, 15:00 Poland’s time, Photo: double helix of DNA, Pixabay

    The lower the frequency of a disease-inducing gene variant, the larger the absolute effect in size; however, the growth is slower, according to the third most-cited study in 2024, published in Cell Genomics.

    The third most-cited study of 2024, with 101 citations, of which the first authoris is Konrad J. Karczewski, originally published in the journal ,,Cell Genomics”  (Impact Factor 11.1) in September 2022 under the title: ,,Systematic single-variant and gene-based association testing of thousands of phenotypes in 394,841 UK Biobank exomes” that is based on an analysis of UK Biobank resources, has shown the gene-based association between about 4500 different diseases and traits. However, as the authors point out, a gene considered harmful may have or may gain the potential to alleviate the strong effects that manifest as a disease.

    The overall “expression” in phenotype that, in this case (the study purposes), means the disease accounts for about 6 percent, while the number is serving up 993,280,477 gene-level association statistics (across protein-coding 19,407 genes, up to 4 functional annotation sets, and 3 burden tests) and 28,158,190,538 single-variant association statistics across 8,074,878 exome variants. These statistics included a dataset of nearly 400,000 individuals of European ancestry and relatives, and 451,000 in total. To make an image of the study’s importance and a painted picture of Europeans’ health status, the authors note, that the four annotation categories comprise the,, predicted LoF (pLoF- the gene’s tolerance for function loss), missense (including low-confidence pLoF variants and in-frame insertions or deletions [indels]), synonymous, and the combination pLoF or missense group, resulting in the mentioned 8,074,878 variants and 75,767 groups for association testing. 

    The main conclusion of the paper is that we may be genetically vulnerable/predisposed to a disease, which is influenced by natural selection (negative in the case of the most severe manifestations). – However, the process of the negative selection will tend to decrease the frequency of functionally damaging variants, suggesting that variants with large effect sizes are more likely to be rare, according to scientists.

    Some interpretations of the study suggest that evolution has established its own security checkpoints. In simpler terms, we may accept a slightly lower overall health status among a larger population to allow for the survival of individuals with rare but more severe illnesses.

    In line with the study, the phenotype, thus the expression of diseases in the case of the single-gen variant, will be mainly shown in endocrinometabolic, digestive, skin/subcutaneous, and musculoskeletal malformations, as well as circulatory, nervous, and eye problems. The good news is that neoplasms, which can lead to cancer, tend to stabilize. Nonetheless, the outcomes of health problems that originate from a certain impairment due to genes’ mixture can be similar to those revealed for single-gene variance.

    What does this mean? There may be additional associations between certain numbers and diseases or developmental delays; however, these associations are not expected to alter the genetic information that we all carry. This allows the genes inhibiting health burdens to continue functioning. Although scientists have observed a correlation with key genes that are considered the most significant, they indicate that these genes are more likely to be associated with a phenotype (6.38%) compared to a frequency-matched set of genes. That reversed association (a correlation between selection against the tolerance of a gene function loss, which may be high or low) means that even if we are carrying a harmful gene, it does not need to be expressed/doesn’t need to impact the gene’s structure/ morphology/physiology, or behaviour/performance. 

     

     

  • Stamps of humans: Where do they originate from?

    By Marta Koblańska, 16.12.2025, 12:00 Poland’s time, photo: DNA clash, Pixabay

    Conflicting genes enable acquiring adaptive morphs – according to a new study from Denmark and China recently published in,, Cell Press”.

    The human body comprises chemical, molecular, and morphological levels. Each of them has to work properly to maintain functionality and efficiency, and all of them undergo physical rules. Otherwise, we call a diverse phase a disease, with the exception, when physical pressure is cut off due to, for instance, a Cosmos trip. All of us, at least for now, born on Earth, have two parents and need care providers until adolescence. We also need a place to live, air to breathe, and food to sustain life. Our lives are to some extent determined by genes we carry within our body in the form of a sort of prescription for our health status, which can also be slightly modified, ruined, or repaired. Now, scientists from China and Denmark in a new research titled,, Phenotypic signatures of incomplete lineage sorting in hominidshave addressed the issue of random fixations in our DNA which can lead to incomplete lineage sorting (ILS). What is it that the sorting does not sound very friendly? Simplifying it is a kind of stamp of our prehistory, which could be either common for every human due to the shared ancestor or completely different, contradicting the gene tree with the species’ morphs expressed in our phenotype. The phenotype represents the visible part of us.

    What are the consequences? According to scientists, the fixations of genes originally belonging to descendant species or species having were our ancestors were related to were up into modern humans’ DNA as incomplete. Nevertheless, we constantly share similarities with gorillas in approximately 17 percent of our genome, which is more than with chimps (approximately 96-98 percent of the human genome is identical to chimps, depending on the studied sections, but how much in the phenotype?), which are our closest living relatives. And this might be explained with the ILS – incomplete lineage sorting which, according to the scientists, represents a contradiction or can be called a,, discordance in rapidly radiating lineages” leading to a kind of misplacement between expressed morphs linked to a species and expected traits generated from the gene’s tree and its clade/roots.

    ILS not only alters the phylogenetic signal across the genome but also directly influences phenotypic variation by affecting genes that contribute to specific morphological traits. Functional experiments have established causal relationships between ILS-derived genetic variation and morphological diversity, further substantiating the idea that trait evolution may not adhere strictly to the bifurcating pattern implied by a simple species treeclaim Stine Keibel Blom, Christy Anna Hipsley, Guojie Zhang.

    They add, however, their (ILS – MK’s note) long generation times further exacerbate ILS by extending the period during which these polymorphisms can persist before allelic sorting is completed.

    This does not imply that the incomplete sorting is not useful anymore. It is, as in line with the research, can contribute or even condition the adaptation. Humans, of course, are the only hominid species to adopt habitual bipedalism, accompanied by increased precision gripping in the hand and loss of gripping capacity in the foot. But, in particular, in childhood, we can see some remains in the process of acquiring walking skills or in the form of climbing trees. What’s interesting the ILS is associated with the population size, and this is not true only for humans. This comes from the biological rule that the larger the population size, the higher the genetic diversity. However, in line with the research calling the theory of coalescence, there may be, let’s say, bigger differences, thus increasing the likelihood of ILS in smaller populations.

    In line with the study, in the human genome, 7905 genes with coding regions overlap with ILS-affected sites, while 2715 human genes comprise one amino acid – 34 percent- shared with gorilla to the exclusion of chimpanzee, and 10,492 human genes contain similar regulatory components as gorilla due to ILS.

    These genes are involved in various biological pathways that serve as substrates for phenotypic variation, likely generating conflicting evolutionary signals. Indeed, research indicated that genes with more ILS-affected sites tend to have similar expression patterns between human and gorilla, for example, loci involved in pathogen interactions like the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and ABO blood group system, according to scientists.

    Simplifying our understanding of tissue, we can say that the type and function of the tissue we are made of are influenced by genetic trade-offs. These traits have evolved over millions of years in hominid species, and the direction of this evolutionary process appears to be a selection of random changes. While we can predict only a few outcomes based on our current knowledge and technological advancements, the results reflect a complex interplay of genetics and evolution.

    Previous functional studies have focused on human-specific traits, revealing a wealth of similarities and differences with our closest living relatives including genetic, cellular, behavioural, musculoskeletal, and physiological modifications. These findings are often interpreted as signatures of adaptive selection to past conditions, with potential trade-offs in the modern world such as increased disease risk or osteoarthritis, conclude scientists.

    Stine Keibel Blom, Christy Anna Hipsley, Guojie Zhan say that understanding the phenotypic effects of these ILS-affected sites requires a combination of multi-level data with cross-disciplinary approaches, as distinguishing between strict mammalian lineages, great apes, and humans, along with balancing sections, including the immunity loci like the MHC requires careful integration of demographic modelling with tests for selection signatures. The question of whether we want it or not remains open.

     

  • When is biological engineering necessary? A look at the newest treatment for multiple sclerosis

    by Marta Koblanska, December 3, 2025, 21:00 Poland’s time, Photo: Imitation of neuronal structure, thanks to geralt, Pixabay

    Degradation of the central nervous system caused by inflammation-induced lesions can be alleviated with genetically modified endurance cells CAR-T, according to the new research from China published in the Cell Press Journal.

    Multiple sclerosis is a highly invasive disease that often starts with micro-injuries causing chronic inflammation within nerves, including the optic nerve. The first signs of the disease can be very mild and go unnoticed. They include, among all, inflammation, which is marked by the tissue firing, worsening of sight, eye pain, limbs’ stiffening, or an impression that electric shocks are touching the body, usually near the spine. The disease, in particular in heavy form, lacks sufficient/effective treatment. The consequence is a significant impairment; however, there are nowadays many options available to slow down the progression. Researchers in China have found that genetic modifications of immune cells (CAR-T lymphocytes), which are currently used to treat blood cancers like leukemia, may also aid in the remission of multiple sclerosis.

    The results presented by the scientists could be particularly beneficial for individuals with progressive multiple sclerosis. The key factor is a specific receptor that acts as a binding site between genetically modified cells, which have been engineered to possess an additional receptor/binding site, and the subsets of B-cells. The depletion or impairment of these B-cell populations, caused by neuroinflammation—a major driver of disease progression—serves as a foundational element for maintaining the stability of the nervous system and ensuring effective signaling transmission.

    Although the exact etiology ( of multiple sclerosis – MK’s note) remains unclear, emerging evidence implicates B cells in orchestrating compartmentalized neuroinflammation as a cardinal driver of disease progression through the production of autoantibodies, the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, antigen presentation, and the formation of ectopic lymphoid structures within the CNS (central nervous system), say Chuan Qin, Ming-Hao Dong, Luo-Qi Zhou, Chun-Rui Li, Dai-Shi Tian, Wei Wang and others in the study titled ,,Anti-BCMA CAR-T therapy in patients with progressive multiple sclerosis.”

    Multiple sclerosis harms neurons, which are the cells of the nervous system, particularly the brain. The harm stipulates depletion of myelin, a structure that secures the proper signal transmission between nervous cells, especially in the axon. Axon is the longer projection of the nervous cell, and the axonal loss due to chronic neuroinflammation induced by cytokine ejection leads to disability progression and in consequently, to brain atrophy. That can be visible in sight, limbs, or the sympathetic side of the central nervous system.

    Is it really so simple to establish a connection between two cell types to stop the disease? Not necessarily. However, according to scientists from China, a small change—specifically the infusion of CAR-T cells—has significantly reduced cytokine release within 40 days, leading to noticeable functional improvement. The researchers reported that they observed a depletion of plasma cells in the central nervous system (CNS), prolonged expansion, and reduced exhaustion of CAR-T cells in the cerebrospinal fluid, as well as a decrease in microglial activation. The latter is particularly important because of its regulatory role in both intensifying and mediating neuroinflammatory responses, which can influence the progression or remission of the disease.

     

  • Energy shortcut by the IEA

    By Marta Koblanska. November 26, 2025, 12:30 Poland’s time, Photo: electricity, Pixabay

    According to a recent IEA report, energy efficiency in industrial performance accounted for over 50 percent of resilience to price fluctuations in 2025, which are expected to rise.

    These fluctuations/variability mainly result from gas price volatility, which has increased by 40 percent in the EU since 2022, as well as because of a greater share of generation from intermittent renewables. The latter one in particular requires special measures/approach in terms of power capacity reservation, which costs. This is why, although globally, industrial energy density/efficiency improved by about 1 percent in the recent 25 years (which is quite a large progress), the value of products we all buy increased by 20 percent considering a unit of used energy. Simplifying. We pay more for a smaller amount of energy that we use in our everyday lives.

    What is the cost of the war in Ukraine?

    According to the report, potential cost savings for economies that consume large volumes of electricity have increased by 80 percent since 2015. During the same period, volatility in spot prices throughout the day has increased by over 150 percent. Meanwhile, the share of electricity in final energy demand is projected to reach just under 22 percent by 2025. Growing consumption—driven by an increased dependence on electricity critical to the functioning of modern societies—will likely lead to further price increases for consumers. 

    The International Energy Agency (IEA) notes that since 2000, efficiency improvements have reduced the need for fossil fuel imports by 20 percent among energy-importing countries. At the same time, there is an increased demand for flexibility in managing electricity consumption.

    The market shift is not advantageous

    According to some experts, Poland seems to be lagging with its stiff power market and legal competitiveness constraints that, on one hand, may be viewed as a security measure, while on the other hand, it may be considered as market congestion. One or another, in line with the IEA report, the value of flexibility has increased, with potential bill savings rising about 80 percent since 2015 in certain countries. But that required flexibility to system operators, utilities, consumers, and policy makers, i.e, introduction of hourly spot prices. Those can be significantly higher per unit of energy.

    Looking beyond 2025, the potential of demand flexibility will likely increasethe IEA claims, adding that the most challenging target in the coming years is to meet the energy affordability issue.

    Experts from the International Energy Agency (IEA) highlight that household energy expenditures are currently up to 20 percent higher than they were in 2019. Past efficiency measures have successfully reduced household energy bills, leading to decreases of up to 20 percent in advanced economies. These improvements can be attributed to gains made since the year 2000.

    The survey issued on November 20, 2025, was conducted among respondents in 14 countries. A striking thing is that the perception is that energy efficiency is critical to maintain competitiveness. Twenty-one percent of companies expressed this, while thirty-one percent indicated a strong impact. According to IEA, energy costs can represent up to 35 percent of the value of total sales in food manufacturing, around 20 percent in textiles, and 25 percent in the non-metallic manufacturing sector.

  • Why are certain medical experiments considered excessive?

    by Marta Koblanska, November 20, 2025, Photo: Double-positive cells undergoing transition in the human embryo (top), authors, Elsevier Inc

    Where is the boundary between protecting life and sustaining life? A new study led by UK researchers suggests that this boundary may be found in the yolk sac tissue.

    Yolk-sac tissue, allegedly deriving from or differentiating into blood stem cells in later evolutionary stages, can be seen as a hallmark of life. Why? Because it is present in all the living organisms with sexual reproduction, or those that initiate such a reproduction. This is why we will not find a yolk sac in viruses or bacteria; however, its marks appear within species at the earliest evolutionary stages, accounting for millions of years. What’s striking the appearance includes organisms without shaped up/grown up a well-developed blood system.

    When we trace back the sex reproduction pathways of species, we can be astonished by their variety and forms, as well as occurring changes in, let’s say, sex identification or sex dimorphism attributes. Nevertheless, the key hallmarks remain, although both the RNA and DNA structures and sequences, along with anatomical changes significantly modified (enhanced or halted) in either species or the way of their development, leaving, though, quite tough to cross lines or boundaries.

    Where does life take place?

    Scientists based in the UK in a study titled: ,,A post-implantation model of human embryo development includes a definitive hematopoietic niche,” published recently in a journal,,Cell Reports” wish to go further. In line with the study description, after implantation of an embryo into the endometrium (the endothelium tissue of the womb, which conditions the next developmental stages to occur and pass – MK’s note), there was no yolk-sac tissue in vitro within the cells used in the experiment. The scientists admit, however, that it has been observed that one cluster of blood progenitors at D8 (the developmental stage of an embryo – MK’s note) and two clusters of blood progenitors at D14. Moreover, according to the researchers, ,, the transcriptional evidence ( the alligement of blood progenitors which, in line with the experiment’s description, can either stick to the endomethrium or to blood cells) suggests that hematopoiesis (the process of emergence and differentiation of blood cells) was occurring spontaneously in our model after D8—in the absence of a yolk sac tissue—and without any supplementation of hematopoiesis-associated cytokines or growth factors” – write M. Azim Surami, Adam James Reid, Sabine Dietmann, Ankit Varma, Baojiang Wu, Geraldine M. Jowett, Jitesh Neupane of the University of Cambridge, UK, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA, and Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.

    This finding is particularly intriguing and represents the most significant phenotype in this system. Consequently, we refer to these post-implantation structures that capture hematopoietic lineagesunderline researchers, while, as they state in the study, ,,the key goal is to understand the development of long-lived definitive human stem cells, which can generate mature cells for research and therapeutic use.

    The focus is specifically on the progenitors of cells that later develop into liver and blood cells, as they may share a similar origin. However, scientists note that these progenitor cells cannot be classified as belonging to the yolk sac, although there may be additional tissue of this type present.

    Is the potential for life regarded as valuable as mature life?

    Whether it is or it is not, those cells, dependently on the developmental stage of an embryo, which include pre- and post-implantation stages, represent a sort of base for the next phases of evolution. Within the post-implantation stages, the most important is gastrulation, which occurs, in an ideal model of development, after successful connection of an embryo to the endometrial tissue in the womb (or for research purposes in the laboratory, as this is the case in this study). Usually, this is possible when a yolk sac has grown. Later, this constitutes a base for the development of the placenta, which, if efficient, conditions further stages of advance/evolution (according to some experts, human embryo development somehow recalls evolutionary stages of species).

    – Currently, we lack a complete understanding of early human embryonic HSC (hematopoietic stem cells, the potential to differentiate into myeloid and lymphoid lineages and thus into further, specialized cells, systems and organs – MK’s note) development, which occurs through endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) around CS14 and possibly at other sites, write scientists.

    Authors of the paper highlight that the proposed model, termed hematoids, serves as both a flexible tool for exploring tissue-scale mechanisms of human development and a potential source of human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) for mechanistic research and cell therapies.

    The study involving human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) was approved by the Human Biology Research Ethics Committee at the University of Cambridge, UK.

     

  • Major security drivers of energy consumption – outlook

    By Marta Koblanska, November 17, 2025, 13:00 Poland’s time, Photo: Primary energy consumption 2024, Energy Institute – Statistical Review of World Energy (2025), Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration (2025)

    In the coming years, the energy security of supply for importing countries will significantly rely on nuclear energy, coal, and LNG, according to the World Energy Outlook presented by the IEA on November 12, 2025.

    The world currently uses about 180,000 terawatt-hours (TWh) of primary energy, with the United States, Japan, Canada, and Australia being among the top consumers. However, over the next ten years, this demand is expected to double, primarily driven by an increase in consumption in emerging markets such as China (the country accounted for approximately 50,000 TWh of primary energy consumption in 2024), India, Southeast Asia, and Latin America. In contrast, Africa is lagging behind due to limited access to clean energy, primarily relying on energy derived from agricultural waste, as highlighted during a press briefing by IEA leaders.

    The rising demand for energy and electricity has to be met. And, because of the shift in transport means, as the transportation of fuel through pipelines becomes less critical due to security threats, there will be opportunities for energy sources such as nuclear and coal. At the same time, reliable suppliers and sources are becoming increasingly crucial. 

    – Energy security can be seen as a pivot for economic security – claimed Fatih Birol, the IEA chief. – This is why our scenarios include a strong comeback of nuclear power, increasing share of renewables, in particular solar, while we will continue to consume oil and natural gas. Nevertheless, the latter one can come in the form of LNG (liquefied natural gas feasible, for now, to transport via sea – MK’s note), changing some governments’ policy.

    Demand for coal is expected to decrease by around 2030, according to Laura Cozzi. This decline may be more seasonally dependent as adjustments are made to meet current climate policy targets. However, coal continues to provide access to heat in many parts of the world.

    Global energy demand is expected to be primarily driven by artificial intelligence, data centers, as well as cooling systems and electric vehicles. Approximately 40 percent of the world’s economy is dependent on just 20 percent of reliable suppliers. Additionally, 91 percent of the new rare metals that are crucial for the green transition are concentrated in a single country.

    .

  • Does Poland need Central Communication Airport CPK and earning limits, and why?

    By Marta Koblanska, November 4, 2025, 12:00 Poland’s time, Photo: Tokyo Forum (picture to illustrate the text), author: zauber2011, Pixabay

    Why do top world leaders like Poland for a short time? The answer may lie in the safety at Polish airports, which had been designed in the past.

    The story of the Central Communication Airport CPK in Poland begins in the early XXI century. The discussion succeeded and addressed some current millionaires’ fears about their security and safety if they have to visit the country. (The difference between security and safety is simple. The first one involves the outdoor and the second – the indoor, and turns around for those sentenced for crimes). The view to get such a port also involved investments which, in the opinion of some experts, could be significantly sped up if the airport existed. However, in this case, the major points included either hedging funds or greenfield investments. The debate over who could benefit the most was intense.

    At the beginning of the XXI century, there were a few airports fulfilling/meeting strict security and safety rules applying to the most important or richest persons in the world. They included, among all, London Heathrow, Tokyo Airport, and Ben Gurion Airport in Israel. The US’s most important airports, both domestic and overseas more or less are adjusted to the demanding security and safety requirements. Germany has one or two airports that are now in the top classification standards. In Poland, that at the beginning of XXI century was at the start of the system transformation, the leaders sometimes were complaining that the country lacks of investments because the top politicians, richest persons and potential investors do not know the real potential of the nation/country as they (the alleged investors) can not visit due to missing safety measures at the airports. Whether they demanded to build a new airport or just the adjustment of the existing ones to adequate standards is an open question. Sometimes they condition their visit on the security and safety, claiming, for instance, that only Gdansk Airport (not without a reason with the name of the first Polish freely elected President – Lech Wałęsa) has installed decent security measures and checks. – It does not mean that Warsaw Okęcie is a worse or less safe airport now, but there are some really tiny rules and solutions which can make a difference for the most demanding, let’s say, customers, some experts claim. Kraków is also not bad; however, the reason may be different.

    After over 20 years of discussion in silence and more loudly expressed sorrow that VIPs are passing Poland around, the project of Central Communication Airport CPK has been set on the table again. But remained on paper, and the recent corruption scandal with land in the area of the planned airport may shut it down before a virtual opening for a long time, unless the government is willing to drive/face both consequences and conclusions. The first conclusion could be this regarding the warehouse. For the one equipped with crucial/critical ,,ingredients”, the price for cleaning could be high, but why did the empty one cost so much? Were there any false queries for offers or deliveries?

    Someone could also ask a difficult question: Do those top leaders really need so strict security/safety rules? And might add: Poland had significant visits of VIPs. In recent years, several notable figures have visited Poland, including US presidents, members of the British Royal Family, and leaders from France and Germany on multiple occasions. Russian leaders have also made visits, along with Elon Musk and George Clooney. While I am unsure about their views on safety in Poland, I would not want to hear their off-the-record comments. One main question remains: why do they only stay for a day or two?

    There is at least one strongly admired businessman/investor who is observing/watching the top visits to Poland and their duration. The link here has been clear for over 20 years. Simplifying. The shorter visit of VIPs in Poland and elsewhere in a sphere of a stable government within emerging markets, the more short-term investments (for instance, those of hedge funds, but in this case the displacement does not need to be so obvious, nonetheless they (the hedge funds) may be keen on investing in places where there is no upper limit of earnings for the, let’s say, most desirable professions). And opposite. The longer the top-level visits signalling improvements in security and safety measures, the longer the investment involvement tends to last. Greenfield investments are/should be the most desirable because they create new job opportunities and places; nevertheless, investments in shares or bonds also provide stability. The number of investments that Poland has lost or is currently losing remains an open question.

  • How does Russia cope with sanctions and reduce its output?

    By Marta Koblanska, October 20, 2025,  12:00 Poland’s time, Photo: oil well extraction, Pixabay

    Ukraine’s attacks on Russian refineries cut fuel supplies by 0.5 million barrels per day (mb/d) in September 2025. Meanwhile, Iraqi production exceeded targets, increasing by 0.51 mb/d, as reported in the International Energy Agency (IEA) oil market report issued on October 14, 2025.

    Iraqi oil production in September seems to go on maximum capacity as the level for this OPEC country has been set, so far at 4,87 mb/d, leaving the spare at 0,27 mb/d. The supply from Iraq amounted to 4,6 mb/d, while the implied target was set at 4,09 mb/d in September 2025. Who is though in charge of the increase and potentially benefits, when in the same month two other core countries of OPEC lifted the output by 0,27 mb/d each?

    Iraq is a country touched by war, which was fought in 2003. There was no one reason for this war, and oil issues at that time had not been placed as the most important, according to some recognized experts. Instead, they marked the case of the Kurdish people, a nation that was undergoing disgusting medical experiments in Iraq, and the US decided to stop it. British media in 2003 were reluctant to the decision, but Brits are the allies and historically also contributed to the countries’ structure in the Middle East. Russia was against the war; however, after a promise to regain its oil operations in the country silently did not interrupt/disturb the military action. Pope John Paul II, of course, did not bless the Iraqi war, but he did not condemn it either. People from the Arabic circle of culture were angry, sometimes asking whether Iraq is going to survive/exist further; nevertheless open to the positive testimony of the Kurdish people. The situation in Iraq after the Americans’ withdrawal was tough, as many attempted to establish rule there; however, now, as it is seen in the recent oil market report, the country managed to rebuild its oil production capacity and became again a substantial participant in the market.

    Before the war in 2003, Russian Lukoil had secured a portion of the oil output capacity in Iraq. After the war, Poland was striving to get any contract in this country through Bechtel, a huge engineering corporation originating from Germany, established in the US, initially building railroad trucks. The oil from Iraq via reconstruction was seen at that time in Poland as a solution (or one of the potential solutions) to get oil from other than eastern destinations. Indeed, some Polish companies managed to sign contracts or preliminary contracts for the so-called, at this time, Iraq reconstruction. But whether Poland is getting oil directly from Iraq could be an open question. However, it is definitely gaining some from the US.

    How does this contribute to the current situation and the recent oil market report issued by the International Energy Agency IEA? A part of the past deal between the US and Russia was to give the latter some oil production capacity in Iraq. The crude from this country is light, sweet, very efficient, and very, let’s say, desirable on the market. When the most? This is an open question for everybody who judges before listening to all sides. Now, according to the IEA’s recent oil market report ,,the drop in Russian middle distillate exports reverberated globally as regular buyers scrambled to secure alternative supplies, bidding up diesel and jet fuel cracks in the process. Light sweet crude refining margins hit two-year highs in Europe and 18-month highs on the US Gulf Coast and in Singapore in September”.

    Light crude is particularly desired for jet fuel production, in line with the cracking process and the properties of the oil. And Russian crude oil output in September was indeed below the established target, but just by 0,16 mb/d/. The total supply from this country (officially reported ) amounted in September 2025 to 9,21 mb/d.

    The IEA further states in the report that,, global crude runs will reach a seasonal low of 81.6 mb/d in October this year, nearly 4 mb/d below July’s record level”. Whether it substantially shortens Russia’s potential to cope with sanctions and restrictions on its oil or oil from other countries where it has secured capacities, is questionable. According to the IEA statement, ..in calm trading, benchmark crude prices were little changed in September, as a looming supply surplus dampened the impact of heightened Ukraine tensions and fresh sanctions against Russia and Iran”.

    According to the IEA report, despite a global overall balance showing a shortage of just 4 million barrels per day (mb/d) in October—partially offset by increased refinery capacity—the oil product consumption market may be constrained. This is already evident from the sharp increase in stockpiling observed in September, which included a build of 102 million barrels of oil on water.

    Oil’s share of the global energy balance, which increased during the 1970s and 1980s, has stabilized at approximately 31-32 percent. While forecasts predict a gradual decline in this share, oil will continue to be an important source of feedstock and energy for a long time, especially in the transportation sector.

  • IEA cuts renewables’ growth forecast for the US by 50 percent. What does this mean for others?

    By Marta Koblanska, 14 October 2025, 19:00 Poland’s, Photo: Solar elipse, thanks to wynpnt, Pixabay

    What factors are hindering the growth of renewable energy sources, and what drives their adoption? The IEA emphasizes the importance of flexibility in this context.

    Energy sources may be more or less efficient. That means a different caloric value of a certain amount of energy feeding a dedicated operation. For instance, when we want a lorry to drive, its fuel has to be adequately enriched. A small car can go on a less productive one. The same is true with industrial facilities, power-generating plants, heat, or the economy as such. At the same time, there are fewer energy sources and more advanced ones; however, this does not imply that all sources seen as more sophisticated represent the same value in terms of a real stake in economic growth. The latter one, at least for now, if fairly shared, can be the only way to keep inequalities at a decent level.

    When we analyze the economic structure of the so-called modern countries, we can see variations in their energy mix compared to emerging economies and developing countries. Usually, they vary in the type of energy they acquire/use as well as their dedicated, let’s say, intended use. That may be an outcome of costs linked to the energy production, the access to technologies enabling its generation and processing, or the distribution network, along with taxes imposed on all or selected commitments/channels.

    This is why the feasibility of investments can vary in a context of either the policy chosen by a country or the advancement. However, one constant remains: the value and efficiency of energy that we aim to generate and utilize to enhance the overall performance of various sectors, such as industry, services, transportation, or the economy as a whole. According to some recognized experts, there is no inherently better or worse type of energy; rather, the issue lies in how energy is addressed and utilized.

    The International Energy Agency recently lowered its forecast for the growth of renewables in the US market by 50 percent. The reason for this is the tax policy implemented by the country. At the same time, the agency has reduced its expectations for China. This decision could lead to the use of more efficient energy sources in both markets. However, China has a significant share of renewable energy production, particularly in photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy, thanks to its favorable climate and large land area. A key question to consider is whether China is exporting its surplus of renewable energy, especially since the rare earth metals used in the production and processing of wind turbines are largely concentrated in this country.

    In the case of the US, the lower, let’s say, absorption of the renewables may imply a shift toward both traditional energy sources ( openly introduced by the US president) as well as technology and efficiency at the same time, creating potential bottlenecks for countries substantially relying on this destination of import. Simplifying, the US economy would like to secure the best valued energy for itself, demanding from others credible payments in the case of sharing.

    According to the IEA forecast, globally, the share of renewables in the transport sector is to increase from 4% today to 6% in 2030. The increase in demand will be driven mainly by renewable electricity for EVs in China and Europe, with biofuels adding growth in Brazil, Indonesia, India, and other key markets. Renewables’ share of energy used globally to provide heat for buildings and industry is set to increase from 14% to 18% over the forecast period, in line with the IEA forecast.

    Interestingly: – Solar PV is on course to account for some 80% of the increase in the world’s renewable capacity over the next five years. In addition to growth in established markets, solar is set to surge in economies such as Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and several Southeast Asian countries, says Fatih Birol, the IEA chief.

    Why? Because its share in electricity generation rises and thus in grids’ systems, at the same time imposing on policy makers the need to pay attention to supply chain security and grid integration challenges. Grids in Europe, for now, are mainly directed east-west, but also west-east, with a limited capacity. The necessity to connect Poland’s pipe system with NATO one has been emphasized for a long time, and recently, the preliminary deal has been signed. Now the question, in light of the US priorities, could be, not even about the price (that can be affordable although tough to pay short-term, nevertheless, in the long-term may offset costs), but about the value/efficiency of the energy gained within the system.

  • The evolutionary line between health and illness

    By Marta Koblańska, September 30, 2025, 17:50 Polish time, Photo: AI-generated neuronal structure, thanks to BrianPenny, Pixabay

    Differentiation in neuronal structure within the hypothalamus, as well as modifications in transmission and aggregation of certain molecules, may represent the boundary between health and illness, according to scientists in China.

    The structures in the brain, such as various sections, exhibit similarities across mammalian species. Some of these structures are more primitive in shape and function, while others are considered more advanced. These changes have occurred over the evolutionary paths of all species, both those that existed in the past and those alive today on Earth. The primary drivers of evolution include genetics and the environment. Additionally, French anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss also emphasised the role of group organization, using early human societies as an example.

    Leslie A. White, an American anthropologist, pointed out that energy is a major driver of the advancement and thus civilization (that may end in certain circumstances), seeing more and more sophisticated and hence efficient sources of energy as the key. From his perspective, the energy required to perform work was crucial at the onset of human evolution. This energy was dependent on an adequate food intake, which varied in caloric content, to ensure there was enough energy available for both thinking and physical tasks.

    Now, scientists from China in a new study published in the journal,,Neuron” prove that energy exchange within the hypothalamus in mice, the brain’s structure controlling a vast number of chemical and biological processes occurring in the body, including emotions, can be responsible for inducing pain and illness. That happens when neurons aggregate in the hypothalamus (circuits) dedicated to energy expenditure, in response to excessive/insufficient food intake, are inadequately firing, causing metabolic disorders or potentially some genetically susceptible psychiatric disorders, according to a Danish scientists’ study also recently published in ,,Neuron”. At the same time, suppression of other types of neurons underlines light-induced metabolic disorders. 

    How is this possible? By tracking the development of neural cell shape, structure, and their primary and current functions, we can identify both similarities and differences. However, since the emergence of these structures around 500 to 600 million years ago, notably in jellyfish and ctenophores, the overall configuration has remained relatively consistent. Simplifying, “consistency” enables efficient communication through signal and molecule transmission within an organism’s body. This communication flows through dedicated pathways and molecules, which condition the organism’s functioning and its ability to sustain life or contribute to others. When the signaling transmission through specific circuits or connections in the newly established brain structure, from an evolutionary perspective, is disrupted, problems arise. 

    The China’s scientists analyzed neuronal subtypes in the hypothalamus and their selected molecular classification. Some populations of these cells (neurons) can be older, some younger (hence they may have a slightly different shape or structure as such). However, according to scientists, there can be suggested the existence of the evolutionary conservation of some types across species.

    What is more, the evolution left traces in the shape of ,,a conserved cytosolic protein for binding retinoic acid with high affinity” in the studied populations of neurons. This subtype of neurons has been identified as an indicator of retinoic acid signaling. There are various signaling pathways in the brain and among specialized neuron populations that regulate hormonal circulation, either triggering or inhibiting actions in the body. However, scientists in a study titled “Identification of a Neural Basis for Energy Expenditure in the Mouse Arcuate Hypothalamus” demonstrated that more primitive cells, mainly located in the hypothalamus, control energy expenditure through neural circuitry.

    The striking thing is that the neuronal subtypes ( the molecularly defined neuronal diversity) conditioning energy flows may be associated with metabolic and pain-inducing/silencing path functions. However, as scientists admit, some populations of neurons active in the regulatory processes occurring within the hypothalamus have not been defined, yet. Nevertheless, according to scientists, research over recent decades has established the hypothalamus, particularly the arcuate nucleus (ARC), as a central hub for homeostatic control of energy balance.

    • This involves inspecting the major functional response types (e.g., glutamatergic and GABAergic), followed by iterative refinement among main neuronal subtypes to achieve the finest resolution along the hierarchy of transcriptional similarity. In the ARC, it is well-known that glutamatergic neuron activation rapidly regulates satiety, while chronic activation of GABAergic neurons induces food intake and causes obesity, say Ting Wang, Shuping Han, Yaxin Wang, Hui Gong, Peng Cao, Qing-Feng Wu. 

    In line with the study, the knowledge of the paths and functions may enable therapeutic measures when needed. Although, in line with previous studies, positive emotions can also be a cure. In response to the request of evolutionandsecurity.com, whether an increased energy expenditure could be in favor of drug cessation in the case of those administrated due to mechanisms triggering a virtual/subjective pain or addiction feeling in the brain, the scientists explain that,, increased energy expenditure, such as exercise, serves as a core component of non-pharmacological management for chronic pain conditions such as fibromyalgia and low back pain.”

    Additionally, in line with the scientists’ response: ,,regular physical activity has been proven to effectively reduce pain intensity and improve physical function. As an adjunctive treatment, exercise has been applied in the cessation of nicotine, alcohol, stimulant, and even opioid dependencies. Studies have found that individuals with addiction who engage in regular exercise exhibit higher rates of successful abstinence, lower relapse rates, and greater psychological stability. We are still not sure whether Crabp1 neurons ( the subtype of neurons that are activated by cold and exercise but inhibited by long photoperiod and promote energy expenditure) could target the brain region involved in pain sensing and addiction. If possible, we could also manipulate the activity of this neuronal subtype to ameliorate pain and addiction, say scientists.

     

     

     

     

     

  • How to make airspace defence more efficient? Technology is the answer.

    By Marta Koblańska, September 22, 12;00 Poland’s time, photo: F16 sky capability – departure up –  author of the picture: ArtTower, Pixabay

    Poland’s air protection, along with that of eastern EU countries, seems to be gradually becoming less effective, thereby reducing the chances of adequate defense, just in case.

    NATO membership involves specific classifications. The most valuable members receive clearly defined measures of protection, along with access to advanced technologies. One of the most sophisticated aspects of this includes airspace defense, which may vary in strength depending on the systems in use within the Alliance. Most members currently rely on modern cyber tools (know-how), although not all do.

    The recent drone incidents in Polish territory demonstrate the effectiveness of Poland’s air defense system. However, these drones were disabled before reaching the country’s airspace (were unarmed), and some of them were shot down in accordance with NATO procedures that allow for special measures when there is a potential risk to life. Whether the incident in Wyryki, eastern Poland (or Wytryki, as it was initially reported, central Poland) exemplifies this capability (or the opposite) is debatable. Nonetheless, it raises questions about the capabilities—or lack thereof—of those sending the drones. Some experts suggest that the strike in Wyryki was insufficient for an F-16 bombing, indicating it might have been an issue related to accidental cargo transported by the drones.

    In the region of Central and Eastern Europe the space security heavily depends on Europe’s (Brussels) operating systems, along with Dutch technology and priorities. If the US is going to deliver further protection that has been preliminarily emphasized by the US president, it could be crucial for the region, let’s say, future performance. But, unfortunately, the advancement of possible solutions also includes the outcome of the war in Ukraine. Of course, Ukrainians want to align with Poland’s/western systems of sky protection, but now, key decisions can lie in opposite/other hands.

    Whether such a connection would be in favor of NATO members in the region (Ukraine’s underpinning of sky protection systems within NATO’s European operations) is also an open question, as the level of security indicates access to critical information within countries constituting the Alliance. That also conditions the adherence of its strict rules, such as, for instance, no ethnical prejudices at any occasion, no revenge on the weaker, along with a civilized approach to women, in general.

    I recently witnessed, in the middle of Warsaw, a low pass of a plane that was not an F-16 or a civilian plane. Possibly equipped with one cargo, but not necessarily. The recent Russian two fighters just a few feet above Petrobaltic’s platform, belonging to Poland’s oil champion Orlen, and the jets’ immediate departure up, as well as three fighters in Estonia’s airspace, show Russian pilots’ skills. And this is not in favor of NATO countries in Europe; however, the number of Alliance members and the level of development as such create an advantage at least for the time being. (The fights about the pilots might have preceded the so-called and in silence partnership agreement between NATO and Russia – Russia was the one that wanted to use it for pilots’ training). The air actions show that Russia is not going to give up at least a portion of Ukraine, as the country is consequently realizing its policy there, recently becoming more aggressive on land, but not without reason.

  • How to get out of addiction? How does it work? – opinion

    By Marta Koblańska, September 9, 2025, 13:15, Photo: addiction pills, Rigby40, Pixabay

    Some unverified tips to overcome addiction. The best approach is to avoid starting any addictive behaviors. Why? Because it may only exacerbate a feeling that is perceived as necessary to eliminate.

    There are several ways to quit an addictive substance, each with its own costs. One of the most common methods is simply to stop using the substance, whether it be smoking, alcohol, or drugs. However, this solution is not always easy. In the Western hemisphere, there are dedicated facilities designed to help people overcome their addictions. It’s important to note that addiction may stem from pain caused by people, experiences, or events in one’s life.

    Some of these solutions succeed, some do not. What is the key here? Rather unknown, as there is no strict rule to either predict or yield who is to get out of addiction. Experts admit that sometimes the one who is less addicted succeeds, sometimes the one with a virtually impossible addiction to cut off. The luck is also dependent on the kind of substance, environment, and support the patient feels, as well as the level of physical and intellectual activity. Sometimes doctors allow a change from one addictive substance to another, claiming that only this way can the damage to the patient’s health and the health of his/her family/environment be diminished.

    Paradox, but it is sometimes not good to undertake many trials to get out of addiction in the short term, particularly when they have not resulted in any progress, as that policy may deepen the addiction and discourage further attempts to quit needed substances. Why? Getting out of addiction requires significant effort to sever the connections between the substance and the tissue, as without the addictive substance, the person is unable to function. Nevertheless, in line with what some doctors say, it is always worth undertaking a trial to reduce the level of addiction because it diminishes harm and thus improves health outcomes.

  • Why do mitochondria like metformin, but diabetes does not?

    By Marta Koblańska, 4 September 2025, 18.30 Polish time, Photo: diabetes, AI generated, Pixabay

    The drug’s anti-inflammatory effects can help balance copper and iron concentrations in the blood, which can alleviate issues related to excess sugar and diabetes.

    Metformin is a widely administered anti-diabetes drug. Its contribution to lowering excessive glucose levels has already been confirmed, and the link here is clear. However, the drug with a 60-year tradition of utilization can have much more sophisticated properties influencing the composition of blood serum via the reduction in levels of copper and iron, along with an increase in levels of zinc. How does this action impact the work and overall condition of a body? – A new study led by scientists from Kobe University and published in the BMJ journals sheds light on the issues.

    In line with the study’s results, metformin acts as a cleaner affecting metal dynamics within the organism. It reduces copper absorption in the intestine as well as levels of iron and ferritin (a special protein responsible for the accumulation of iron in the tissue). What’s more, according to scientists, long-term use can induce latent iron deficiency in its users. Iron is a crucial metal to sustain pregnancy at the earlier stages, as it binds with folic acid, which determines to a great degree the start of health, if not the developmental potential of the embryo and then the fetus.

    However, the structure emerging after metformin and iron exchange, in line with scientists’ statements, remains intricate and far less understood than the relation between the drug and copper. The first one largely depends on reaction conditions. Regarding zinc, an element that contributes to better functioning in a cold environment, and its higher concentrations in the case of metformin intake, the effects of this association remain unclear.

    What does the chelation (the binding between metal ions and organic compounds) caused by metformin mean for diabetes? Disruptions in insulin production in the body cause severe health effects, gradually changing, let’s say, the performance of the organism as a whole, as well as organs that build it up. The most common complications at the advanced stage of the disease include impairment of vision, heart failure, and walking problems, as the condition highly impacts vessels delivering vital nutrients and oxygen within the organism. The changes in concentration of elements such as copper and iron within the blood serum have been shown to ameliorate glucose intolerance and health failure in animal models, so far, according to the scientists.

    These findings collectively suggest that the reduced copper levels of metformin users uncovered in the present study may be linked to the glucose-lowering and complication-preventive effects of the drug write scientists.

    They add that, in addition, higher iron and lower zinc levels in blood are generally associated with glucose intolerance.

    What is glucose intolerance, and why is it so important?

    Glucose intolerance occurs along with a limited capacity for its processing in the body. Simplifying it is caused by insufficient production of insulin in the pancreas (the islets of Langerhans), which results in a high concentration of sugar in the blood and intolerance to the insulin hormone. This resistance, called intolerance, makes other cells less sensitive to insulin, which ultimately, if not stopped on time, leads to diabetes, i.e., too high glucose levels in the blood. Metformin reduces the overbalance.

    Why the newly launched anti-diabetes drug imeglimin, structurally similar to metformin seen as without metal-chelating properties due to its cyclic structure, is an open question. According to some experts, the structure of the new one seems to be just less stable (bindings), which may facilitate/ease the movements of atoms within the structure. Possibly, it may be an explanation why the therapy becomes more efficient in diabetes, as it causes less fixed outcome, and that could be in favor for diabetes, as patients are vulnerable to either glucose overdose or deficit.

    Why are mitochondria beneficial when it comes to metformin?

    According to scientists, the structure specified for the substance sequesters copper in mitochondria. That makes the organelle’s work, let’s say, more efficient. In line with the study, ,, mitochondrial copper plays a pivotal role in macrophage activation, and a designed dimeric compound derived from metformin but with an ∼1000- fold greater copper-chelating activity was found to manifest potent anti-inflammatory effects both in vitro and in vivo. That could lead to a preliminary conclusion that certain binding types enhanced with metformin may contribute to the anticancer activity of the drug’- write scientists.

     

     

     

  • Czarne dziury. Trochę naukowych spekulacji

    By Adrian Cho, Science, Jan 7,2021, translated by Marta Koblańska, January 2021, Photo: czarna dziura, obraz wygenerowany przez AI, Kyraxys, Pixabay

    Choć brzmi to jak fantastyka, czarne dziury są we Wszechświecie. I choć wielu fizyków było sceptycznych wobec pojawiających się coraz to nowych teorii dotyczących ich natury i istnienia , to jednak nie mogą zaprzeczyć obserwacjom teleskopowym.

    Podczas pracy nad swoim doktoratem we wczesnych latach 70. Saul Teukolsky rozwiązał problem, który wydawał się być czysto hipotetyczny. Jaki? Wyobraź sobie czarną dziurę, upiorny węzeł grawitacji, który formuje się wówczas, kiedy wielkie gwiazdy ulegają wyczerpaniu i wpadają w nieskończenie mały punkt. Przypuszczalnie możesz ten proces zakłócić w sposób podobny do uderzenia w dzwon. Jak odpowiada czarna dziura?

    Teukolsky, wówczas student studiów magisterskich w California Institute of Technology, zaatakował ten problem przy użyciu ołówka, papieru oraz teorii grawitacji Alberta Einsteina – teorii względności. Odkrył, że podobnie jak w przypadku dzwonu, drgania czarnej dziury dotyczyłyby głównie częstotliwości oraz wielu rodzajów dźwięków harmonicznych. Drgania szybko znikałyby, gdy czarna dziura promieniowałaby falami grawitacyjnymi – pulsacyjnie w strukturze samej przestrzeni. – To był słodki problem– mówi Teukolsky teraz pracownik Cornell University. – I był zupełną abstrakcją jeszcze pięć lat wstecz.

    W lutym 2016 roku eksperymentatorzy z obserwatorium Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO), w których w Luizjanie i Waszyngtonie umieszczono parę potężnych instrumentów zaraportowali pierwszą obserwację przelotnych fal grawitacyjnych, wyemitowanych przez dwie czarne dziury, obie około 30-krotnie większe od Słońca, wchodzących w siebie ruchem spiralnym w oddaleniu o 1,3 mld lat świetlnych. LIGO zarejestrował nawet “dzwonienie w dół”: drgania masywniejszej czarnej dziury powstałej w wyniku fuzji. Stara teza Teukolskiego stała się nagle przełomem w fizyce.

    – Myśl, że to co robiłem, będzie miało kiedykolwiek wpływ na rzeczy mierzalne jeszcze podczas mojego życia, była tak bardzo niedorzeczna, że ostatnie pięć lat wydawały się być życiem jak w świecie snu – mówi Teukolsky. – Muszę się uszczypnąć, bo to nie wydaje się rzeczywiste.

    Choć może wydawać się to fantastyką, naukowcy mogą obecnie badać czarne dziury jako rzeczywiste obiekty. Detektory fal grawitacyjnych wykryły cztery tuziny fuzji czarnych dziur odkąd przełomowe odkrycie LIGO zostało poczynione. W kwietniu 2019 roku, w wyniku współpracy międzynarodowej teleskop zwany Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) wyprodukował pierwszy obraz czarnej dziury. Poprzez ustawienie radioteleskopów na całym globie na ogromną czarną dziurę w sercu bliskiej galaktyki Messier 87 (M87), EHT zarejestrował obraz ognistego pierścienia gorącego gazu otaczającego atramentowy “cień” czarnej dziury. W międzyczasie astronomowie obserwują gwiazdy, które zbliżają się do czarnej dziury w centrum naszej Galaktyki, podążając szlakami, które mogą zawierać klucze dotyczące natury samej czarnej dziury.

    Obserwacje stanowią wyzwanie dla astrofizyków i ich założeń na temat tego, jak formują się czarne dziury oraz jak wpływają na swoje otoczenie. Mniejsze wykryte przez LIGO oraz europejski detektor fal grawitacyjnych VIRGO we Włoszech, udowadniają, że są cięższe i bardziej zróżnicowane niż oczekiwano. To zaś wystawia dotychczasowe osiągnięcia astrofizyków na próbę w kontekście zrozumienia z czego mogą powstawać wielkie gwiazdy. A środowisko skupione wokół super wielkiej czarnej dziury w naszej Galaktyce wydaje się zaskakująco płodne, wytwarzając młode gwiazdy, co do których nie oczekiwano, że się uformują w takim zamieszaniu. Jednak niektórzy naukowcy czują się w obowiązku zadania pytania bardziej fundamentalnego: Czy czarne dziury przewidziane teorią Einsteina są rzeczywiście widoczne?

    Niektórzy teoretycy twierdzą, że odpowiedź najprawdopodobniej brzmi „tak”. – Nie myślę, że z tych obserwacji dowiemy się czegoś więcej o samej ogólnej teorii względności lub o teorii czarnych dziur – mówi Robert Wald, teoretyk grawitacji z Uniwersytetu w Chicago.

    Inni już nie są tego tak pewni. – Czy czarne dziury są dokładnie takie same jak można oczekiwać przy uwzględnieniu teorii względności, czy są różne? – pyta Clifford Will, teoretyk grawitacji z Uniwersytetu Floryda. – To wydaje się być główną siłą przyszłych obserwacji. Jakiekolwiek anomalie wymagałyby przemyślenia teorii Eisteina, która jak podejrzewają fizycy, nie jest ostatecznym słowem jeśli chodzi o grawitację, jako że nie pasuje do innego punktu milowego współczesnej fizyki, mechaniki kwantowej.

    – Wykorzystując różnorakie techniki, badacze już pozyskują różne, uzupełniające się spojrzenia na te dziwne obiekty – mówi Andrea Ghez, astrofizyk z Uniwersytetu w Kaliforni, która razem z Rogerem Penrose, oraz Reinhardem Genzel w 2020 roku otrzymała nagrodę Nobla w dziedzinie fizyki za wydedukowanie istnienia ogromnej czarnej dziury w sercu naszej Galaktyki. – Przed nami nadal długa droga do złożenia w całość kompletnego obrazu – mówi – choć z pewnością uzyskujemy coraz więcej elementów tej układanki.

    Składająca się z czystej energii grawitacyjnej, czarna dziura jest kulą przeciwności. Nie zawiera materii, ale jak kula do kręgli, posiada masę i potrafi obracać się. Nie ma powierzchni, ale ma rozmiar. Zachowuje się jak okazały, ciężki obiekt, ale w rzeczywistości jest tylko osobliwością przestrzeni.

    Tak przynajmniej mówi teoria względności, którą Einstein opublikował w 1915 roku. Dwa wieki wcześniej, Isaak Newton przypuszczał, że grawitacja to siła, która w jakichś sposób jest obecna w przestrzeni, w celu przyciągania do siebie masywnych obiektów. Einstein poszedł dalej i argumentował, że grawitacja pojawia się ponieważ masywne obiekty takie jak gwiazdy i planety zakrzywiają przestrzeń i czas, a dokładniej czasoprzestrzeń, powodując, że trajektorie swobodnie spadających obiektów zakrzywiają się w, powiedzmy, łuk paraboli podobnie jak rzucana kula.

    Wczesne przewidywania ogólnej względności różniły się jedynie nieznacznie od tych z teorii Newtona. Tam, gdzie Newton przewidywał, że planeta powinna okrążać gwiazdę po elipsie, ogólna teoria względności przewiduje, że orientacja elipsy powinna nieznacznie wzrosnąć lub poddać się precesji w stosunku do każdej orbity. Przy pierwszym triumfie teorii, Einstein wykazał, że przekładała się ona na wcześniej niewyjaśnioną precesję orbity planety Merkury. Po latach fizycy zdali sobie sprawę, że teoria ta również zakłada coś daleko bardziej radykalnego.

    W roku 1939 teoretyk Robert Oppenheimer wraz z zespołem obliczył, że kiedy następuje wypalenie odpowiednio wielkiej gwiazdy żadna znana siła nie może powstrzymać zapadnięciu się jej jądra do nieskończenie małego punktu. Taka gwiazda zostawia przy tym za sobą swoje pole grawitacyjne jako trwałą dziurę w czasoprzestrzeni. Przy pewnej odległości tego punktu, grawitacja byłaby tak silna, że nawet światło nie byłoby w stanie przed nią uciec. – Cokolwiek byłoby bliżej, zostałoby odcięte od pozostałej części Wszechświata – argumentował David Finkelstein, teoretyk z California Institute of Technology Caltech w 1958 roku. Ten “horyzont zdarzeń” nie jest fizyczną powierzchnią. Astronauta spadający obok nie zauważyłby nic specjalnego. Tak, czy inaczej, uzasadniał Finkelstein, który zmarł chwilę przed obwieszczeniem LIGO w 2016 roku, horyzont zachowywałby się podobnie do jednokierunkowej błony, pozwalając na upadek obiektów do wewnątrz, ale zapobiegając wydostaniu się ze środka.

    Zgodnie z ogólną teorią względności, te obiekty, w końcu nazwane czarnymi dziurami przez słynnego teoretyka Johna Archibalda Wheelera, powinny również wykazywać porażającą monotonność. W 1963 roku Roy Kerr, matematyk z Nowej Zelandii, wypracował w jaki sposób wirowanie czarnej dziury z określonej masy zakrzywiałoby i przekręcało czasoprzestrzeń. Inni szybko udowodnili, że, przy teorii względności, masa i spin są jedynymi cechami czarnej dziury, co oznacza, że matematyczny wzór Kerra, znany jako wyrażenie Kerra opisuje każdą czarną dziurę jaka istnieje. Wheeler nazywał wynik twierdzeniem o braku włosów, aby podkreślić, że dwie czarne dziury o tej samej masie i spinie są tak samo nie do odróżnienia jak łyse głowy. Wheeler sam był łysy, Teukolsky zauważa, że to mogła być “duma łysego”.

    – Niektórzy fizycy podejrzewali, że czarne dziury mogą istnieć jedynie w wyobraźni teoretyków – mówi Sean Carroll, teoretyk z Caltech. Sceptycy argumentowali, że czarne dziury mogą stanowić artefakt wyższej matematyki ogólnej teorii względności lub mogą formować się jedynie wskutek nierealistycznych warunków, takich jak zapadnięcie się idealnie sferycznej gwiazdy. Jednakże w późnych latach 60. Roger Penrose, fizyk-teoretyk z Uniwersytetu w Oksfordzie rozwiał te wątpliwości, stosując ścisłe zasady matematyki za co w 2020 roku razem z Reinhardem Genzel i Andreą Ghez otrzymał Nagrodę Nobla w dziedzinie fizyki. – Penrose dokładnie dowiódł, że nawet przy obiekcie pokaźnych rozmiarów, o ile jego gęstość stanie się odpowiednio wysoka, zapadnie się on w czarną dziurę – mówi Carrol.

    Wystarczająco wcześnie astronomowie zaczęli widywać oznaki obecnych czarnych dziur. Dostrzegli niewielkie źródła promieniowania X takie jak Cyngus X-1, każde na orbicie gwiazdy. Astrofizycy wywnioskowali, że promienie x pochodzą z gazu wypływającego z gwiazdy i nagrzewającego się w razie jego opadania na tajemniczy obiekt. Temperatura gazu i szczegóły orbity sugerowały, że źródło promieniowania x było zbyt silne i zbyt małe, aby być czymkolwiek innym niż czarną dziurą. Podobne rozumowanie sugerowało, że kwazary – odległe galaktyki emitujące promieniowanie, są napędzane przez ogromne czarne dziury w ich centrach.

    – Ale nikt nie mógł być pewien, że te czarne dziury są obecnie tym, co przedstawili teoretycy, zauważa Feryal Özel, astrofizyk z Uniwersytetu w Arizonie. Na przykład – niewiele z tego co dotychczas zdziałano, ugruntowuje wiedzę na temat istnienia horyzontu zdarzeń – mówi – To jest pytanie otwarte.

    Obecnie, za pomocą wielu dróg mających na celu podglądanie czarnych dziur, naukowcy mogą zacząć badać swoje zrozumienie tematu oraz poszukiwać niespodzianek, które zrewolucjonizują fizykę. – Nawet jeśli jest to mało prawdopodobne, to niezwykle ważne jest, żeby odkryć czy miały miejsce jakiegokolwiek odchylenia od ogólnej teorii względności – mówi Carrol. – To jest pytanie bardzo wysokiego ryzyka oraz pytanie wysokiej nagrody.

    Naukowcy mają nadzieję odpowiedzieć na trzy pytania. Czy obserwowane czarne dziury rzeczywiście mają horyzont zdarzeń? Czy są one tak bardzo pozbawione cech, jak mówi twierdzenie o braku włosów? I czy zniekształcają czasoprzestrzeń dokładnie tak jak przewiduje wyrażenie/metryka Kerra (rozwiązanie równań Einsteina – przyp. MK)?

    Możliwe, że najprostszym narzędziem w celu uzyskania odpowiedzi jest to opracowane przez Ghez. Od 1995 roku ona i jej zespół wykorzystują 10-metrowy teleskop Kecka na Hawajach w celu obserwacji gwiazd wokół źródła promieniowania znanego jako Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*) w centrum naszej Galaktyki. W 1998 roku wysoka prędkość gwiazd ujawniła, że okrążają one obiekt 4 mln razy większy od Słońca. Ponieważ Sgr A* wtłacza tak wiele masy w tak małą objętość, ogólna teoria względności przewiduje, że musi być ogromną czarną dziurą. Reinhard Genzel, astrofizyk z Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics niezależnie obserwował gwiazdy dochodząc do tego samego wniosku, za co dzielił z Getz Nagrodę Nobla.

    Tekst oryginalny w języku angielskim. Dziękując autorowi – Adrianowi Cho z przeprosinami za niedociągnięcia w języku polskim.

  • How to make cancer dead in the body? Blood holds the key

    by Marta Koblańska, 27.08.2025, 16:47 Poland’s time. Photo: CTC in cancer, Circulating tumor cells in the metastatic cascade (spreading fast), Cancer Cell

    Circulating tumor cells in the bloodstream may be crucial for therapies and preventing new metastases in the body. However, success depends on their molecular structure.

    Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are utilized to assess an organism’s overall condition in response to cancer, which may have been previously detected or could potentially be found later in the body. The increasingly common “liquid biopsy” enables the identification of cancer-associated mutations and allows for early detection of cancer, often indicating which organ may be affected.

    When the biopsy is performed during ongoing treatment, CTCs can provide valuable information about mutations in the cancer’s genetic makeup that may be linked to drug resistance. This resistance frequently emerges during therapy, but unfortunately, there is no consistent explanation for why it occurs. The troubling aspect of this resistance is that it complicates treatment significantly, and in some cases, it may even render treatment impossible. Consequently, this remains one of the major reasons why many cancer patients continue to die, despite the availability of the latest therapies.

    In the study ,,Circulating tumor cells: ,,Blood-based detection, molecular biology, and clinical applications” published in a journal ,,Cancer Cell”, scientists asked some questions on the potential of blood analyses in relation to cancer outcome and diagnosis.

    According to scientists, CTCs can contribute to understanding the molecular features, including factors that enable their intravasation, their survival in the bloodstream, and their extravasation to generate distant lesions. Can they also inspire novel therapeutic strategies to suppress cancer metastasis? – ask scientists. If so, can CTCs also be utilized to non-invasively interrogate molecular markers of progression during treatment, improve risk stratification prior to initiating therapy, or even possibly diagnose early cancerous lesions before the development of viable metastases? 

    Currently, to get an efficient, let’s say, picture of an overall condition of the body, is prior identification of a tumor or a lethal metastatic presence, which remains a major challenge. How this lethal metastasis hides within an organism still is a mystery, although with some tips. The tip here is the suppression of other lesions through emitted CTCs. (However hardly possible to detect) On the other hand, they (CTCs) could be the way to detect newly acquired changes. How? Ultimately or universally, the answer here could be blood and its components, as well as reactions between them, possibly with tumors derived DNA analysis coming from the blood as well.

    Hematogenous dissemination of metastases is mediated by CTCs that travel from the primary tumor to multiple distant organs, where they can establish new cancerous lesions and then spread to additional organ sites

    say Charles S. Dai and Daniel A. Haber from Dana-Faber Cancer Institute, Harvard University

    The experts admit that a vast number of biological properties of CTS’s are already known; however, due to technological limitations, their clinical promise and, in consequence, utilization may be restricted. Some medics do not like this liquid biopsy because the outcome is not often clear. It is not clear, as to some extent it may be seen as a lottery, why one body has a lethal and non-active tumor, which both drives and suppresses cancer cells’ spread. In addition to getting a reliable outcome, blood volumes for interrogation have to be properly estimated, as the key is to detect those rare cancer cells that contribute significantly to metastases. And this is not so easy, particularly in patients with advanced cancer disease and poor overall condition. Scientists have noted that simpler strategies for DNA sequencing, which use cell-free circulating tumor-derived DNA (ctDNA), have become more clinically useful (and economically feasible- MK) as a form of “liquid biopsy.” This method allows for the identification of cancer-associated mutations that are linked to drug resistance and facilitates the early detection of cancer through DNA-based signatures.

    A simplified conclusion could be that the combination of DNA, RNA, and protein analytes derived from intact cells in the blood may allow for a definitive cancer diagnosis in patients without the need for an invasive tissue biopsy. Additionally, this approach could reveal functionally actionable subclonal mutations that might not be detected through single-lesion biopsy-based analysis. Scientists suggest that future applications in early cancer detection and the molecular characterization of minimal residual disease could surpass current analyses based on circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA).

  • Science-confirmed reason to welcome guests

    By Marta Koblańska, August 22, 2025, 12:20 Poland’s time, photo: DNA’s clash, Placidplace, Pixabay

    The risk for a population to become extinct increases along with extended and intensified inbreeding, American scientists claim. Simultaneously, genetic diversity may be taken as an advantage.

    In ancient Egypt, inbreeding was seen as a method to preserve the population’s exceptional traits and contribute to a more advanced society. This approach was effective for a time; however, over time, excessive genetic similarity ultimately led to the collapse of this great civilization. Recently, scientists in California, USA, have confirmed that the extension of homozygous stretches (similar sections) in the genetic code (DNA) serves as a reliable genomic marker for inbreeding breakdown.

    These long runs of homozygosity are associated with reduced rates of survival as well as reproduction in diverse mammals and bird species,

    claim Christopher C. Kyriazis of Conservation Genetics, San Diego Zoo, Escondido, Jacqueline A. Robinson of Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, and Kirk E. Lohmueller of Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles.

    An overall rule applicable to all societies and species, including humans, is that fitness, typically measured with reproduction and survival rates, represents one of the most important markers to assess a population’s stability or potential deterioration. Many studies have been conducted to prove whether a higher genetic variation is linked to better conditions of a population. Those study results were unclear. However, the is clear that shared ancestry may negatively impact fitness.

    With the advancement of modern methods for identifying potentially harmful mutations in genomic variation datasets, new research opportunities have emerged. Scientists now widely use these methods to estimate fitness and genetic load in wild populations, often to assess extinction risk status. Given that earlier discoveries highlighted the similarities between mammalian and human genetic codes, why can’t these methods be applied to human populations as well?

    What does homozygosity mean?

    To answer the above question, first, let’s try to explain what homozygosity means in reality. Simplifying, these are identical haplotypes from related ancestors inherited in a given genome. A haplotype represents a group of genes that originate from just one parent and are located close to each other, potentially constituting a contiguous stretch in the genome. Not to dive into a dump, this is our past and heritage we all have, whether we like it or not. A simple conclusion could be: the longer similar sections within DNA, the closer ancestors we have inherited.

    Because the length of an ROH (long runs of homozygosity) is determined by the number of generations of recombination separating related individuals from a common ancestor, the ROH length distribution in a population is in turn reflective of demographic history,

    say scientists in the paper titled,,Long runs of homozygosity are reliable genomic markers of inbreeding depression” and published in ,,Trends in Ecology&Evolution”

    They add that the short stretches with a similar group of genes tend to arise due to historical population bottlenecks, whereas long ROH are a product of more recent inbreeding between closely related individuals. Moreover, it is also possible to estimate the inbreeding coefficient as well as uncover complex traits associated with inbreeding.

    The victor and the defeated

    Long runs of homozygosity (ROH), while not inherently harmful, may be more susceptible to harmful mutations under certain conditions. In contrast, deleterious mutations are less frequent in shorter ROH stretches. This can create a bottleneck effect. Additionally, short ROH segments are often exposed to purifying selection for a longer period, which helps eliminate recessive deleterious variants more effectively, according to scientists.

    In general, the longer the similar stretches of DNA, the worse the outcomes for a species or population. This was demonstrated by Zachary Szpiech in a pioneering paper, which suggested that closer inbreeding increases the likelihood of harmful mutations that negatively affect overall health and fitness. Data from American scientists show that a 1% increase in the prevalence of long runs of homozygosity (ROH) is associated with a 12.4% reduction in first-year survival rates, compared to only a 7.7% reduction for medium ROH. However, evolution sometimes compensates for these adverse effects, demonstrating its remarkable principles and capabilities. How? Long runs of homozygosity (ROH) are primarily caused by rare recessive deleterious mutations, which can have a significant negative impact. However, in certain cases, when two recessive genes come together, the overall effect can be better than average in conditions where neither gene is harmful. The theoretical link between long ROH and fitness is expected, as these long runs consist of younger haplotypes that have experienced limited purifying selection to eliminate strongly deleterious recessive alleles, according to scientists.

  • Will Canada’s cut in the Russian oil price benchmark contribute to peace in Ukraine? Or not?

    By Marta Koblanska, August 12, 17:20 Poland ‘s time, Photo: Ship, thanks to jpeter2, Pixabay

    A territorial swap for the lives of Ukrainians is becoming increasingly likely, despite Ukraine’s leader initially rejecting any land concessions. Canada’s recent decision to reduce the price cap on Russian oil by approximately 20 percent has reshaped the negotiations but may be viewed as a boundary condition.

    The oil market shaped up after the Second World War, and no past or potential changes in its structure so far have touched the core in terms of its rules. (One cook while everybody wants to eat). Some changes in trading can be seen, such as the Indian basket launch. More expensive than others (approximately by 5-7 percent) because no one could steal the oil destined for India. Whether it works or not, Indians should be asked; nevertheless, sometimes a higher price enables getting more volumes, and anyway, it is compensated in fuel sales. Europe, particularly Germany, has become keen on purchasing Indian fuels since the onset of the war in Ukraine.

    Canada’s oil represents one of the cheapest on the market, with an average 15-18 percent below the benchmark, which is Brent oil for Europe. (A very interesting story is how the Brent benchmark was constituted, which dates back to the beginning of the 20th century.) This is because this sort of crude (Canadian) is heavy and sour due to the land’s structure from which it is extracted. That means more sophisticated, deep processing is needed (what ultimately increases the costs of fuel production) to locate the crude product on the market. Similar is with Russia’s Urals, considered by some as a heavy crude with a higher share of sulfur than, for instance, the oil from the Middle East. That keeps its price below Brent’s price, however, with a discounted transport distance. The sulfur case was one of the reasons why countries wanted to switch to more productive oil, calling the Russian one less efficient. However, as some experts emphasize, sometimes this sour oil might be much better for refineries and fuel production than the lighter one. True or not, that makes both markets strongly competitive and the war in Ukraine, although upset the trading, has not stopped it – according to reliable sources.

    After the sanctions were imposed, Russia increased its share of overall oil deliveries to regions that are considered competitive with Brent and Urals. This increase occurred in areas that Brent or WTI could not fully supply, either due to production limits or high transportation costs. You might wonder how this is possible. The answer is straightforward: oil-producing countries periodically set production quotas. Typically, these countries maintain a unified stance as they have specific obligations to both themselves and the oil-importing countries. However, Russia often acts in opposition to the core OPEC members, which sometimes leads those countries to accommodate Russia’s, let’s say, requests.

    And now, back to Canada, which, allegedly in cooperation with the EU and the UK, decided to cut the price limit for Russian oil by approximately. 21 percent from theoretically binding 60 dollars per barrel to 47,6 dollars per barrel transported via sea. That should, in the Canadian view, make Russian oil substantially cheaper than Canadian one and thus decrease income from oil sales on vessels for Russia.

    However, according to recognized experts, tracking oil transported via sea is much more difficult than via pipes. The sea transport is also more risky and thus more expensive. Still, it is more open. Any limits raise the risk for traders who do not need to be Russians to sell Russian oil. So the question could be – Is Canada willing to eliminate competition? The country’s production costs are higher than in other parts of the world, particularly the Middle East. Nonetheless, it is feasible for Canada to sell its oil below the average global price. For Russia, which during the war in Ukraine decided not to share its extraction data, an average capex for companies can amount to approximately 10-20 dollars per barrel, depending on the field. The key here could be the quality of the extracted oil. Worse from older fields and thus with much lower production costs, and much better from the new ones with higher production costs but more efficient. One or another, that proportion may allow traders to keep the risk at an acceptable level. The risk for those operating the extraction may be higher.

    How does all of this relate to Ukraine and the expressed potential territorial swap in exchange for a ceasefire and peace? Russia is not that far from Canada, but, if I may simplify, natural borders maintain the security of (a paradox) both countries. In the case of Ukraine, the location is not that advantageous. Additionally, the country’s energy balance is not in favor. The war has not improved it, as oil consumption dropped dramatically, and the most important refineries have been destroyed or damaged. Ukraine had seven refineries with overall production capacity exceeding four times Ukraine’s oil product demand. However, despite the bloody war, the country managed to maintain a relevant share of oil in the so-called energy mix, mainly for transportation and industrial use, and this could/should be included during the negotiations. Poland and Romania are key fuel suppliers, and (a paradox), this advantage comes from the Soviet Era.

    Nonetheless, some may argue that the looming green transformation could be a solution for Ukraine. It was, indeed, as the US offered earlier this year a 10 percent land concession in exchange for huge investments in the new metals. That deal, if implemented, could serve as an economic guarantee from the US to Ukraine. (Sometimes much better than a virtual military guarantee, as usually the economic zone of influence is respected.) Ukraine rejected it. (To recall the Marshall Plan for Western Europe, Poland, and possibly others halted by the Soviets, with no space for discussion.) Now, when the risk for everybody seems to be substantially higher along with the Russian Army’s movements, the ongoing and, so far, unsuccessful attempts to squeeze Russian oil revenues, Ukraine’s situation might be more difficult, but still with arguments. Whether it comes to a peace or not, the Alaska meeting will show.

Got any book recommendations?


Repetitio mater studiorum est

If anyone could give me a paid job in line with my qualifications, not because I do not want to work at shop or warehouse, but due to my low section spine impairment since mid- 2020 (sometimes very paintful) or even since mid-2003 (up-section hyperextension confirmed in medical exam) and very serious sight impairment since early childhood that excludes heavy or even moderate lifting or too exessive effort, I would strongly appreciate it.

Other way to support is to pay a free amount directly to my banking account with the number as follows:

BREXPLPWMBK98114020040000360233760739

That could help me to upgrade the site and continue work on it, unless no one wants me to write or say anything more. For now, in June 14408 valid views, 9188 so-called errors, 5781 sessions with 1:54 for a single one. Since the beginning of 2026 – 14593 valid views for 6904 sessions with 1:48 sec. of an average duration. Last year 167315 with 44820 sessions. Last 7 days: 2758 with 0:42 of an average session duration. The number of sessions: 1690. Have not gotten a penny for my hard work. Total views in June 2026: about 15000. Bots account for 13.9% share in total access in 2026. For the last month bots obtained 9.1% share in views. The valid pages access increased within the last 30 days by 17% to 12827, while client error pages soared by 16.9% versus 30 previous days to 4868. Last month valid increase amounted to 21% to 12811, error pages dropped by 2%. China share: 20% with 894 sessions. The US – 27.8% with 1247 sessionins. Singapore – 6.2% share. Poland – 138 with 3.1% share for the last month- June 2026 and 2.8% share with 144 sessions for the last 30 days. The total number of vires since the beginning of this year – 2026 – about 127000. I resigned from these ,,professional” sources, as I am not going to perform unpaid highly-skilled work. No single word from me about medicine or energy. Unless anyone is willing to pay me – on my banking account for the content she/he used/uses at various meetings, conferences, decision-making sittings, etc. The banking account number has been specified on the website – above. The tax is to be paid. People do not wish me to be journalist – fine. I accept.

And again, as still dirty attempts are made: I do not wish any contact with my parents, especially so-called farther, so-called family, and any former boyfried, former fiances or would-be husbands. True friends are welcome!

To confess: my main regret is given help in 1999 and the British Chevening Scholarship in 2002/03 in Oxford (anyway stolen, as I could notice living in a huge trauma for the recent over 20 years), as well as baptism and brain-washing in the Polish mafian church with my (fortunately dead) lovely aunty.

My email, if someone wants to return my 50 birthday present (purchased myself) ,,How the Female Body Drove 200 million Years of Human Evolution” is evolutionandsecurity@proton.me. Just read about a half. But sometimes read from the end! The decision to clear me out has been made on January 20, 2024, when I was in London for my birthday. Did anyone wish me anything nice for my birthday in the recent years? Apart from those realy unfortunate wishes you want to breake me again to accept. No. It has been clear for many, many years.

My heart stopped on February 28, 2024 after 3 years of hard and heart-given work along with very sore spine for Polish Public Television, Science Unit because I wanted to have normal life and on May 8, 2025 after tremendously hard work for Medonet/Onet, because I wanted my Oxford Diploma/background to be published on their website and wanted to write a decent story about the medical boundaries in human development to cut or at least decrease life-costing mistakes. I just needed more medical information.

Lesson: never help others, even though their life is threaten. Why? Because you will not even receive information about a mass in the intention of their health improvement. You will be accused of bringing insects to the flat because you do not have time to stay long and you do not want to clean as this is not your home. The keys will be immediately taken with the message – go for a holiday, rest! Others will ask: why are you doing this? Going to the rehabilitation place? You want this flat, don’t you? – when you give a paid advert to contact someone close to smooth suffering because of the illness. For your birthday present you will receive an evicion of allegedly unpaid invoices for funded from your money rehabilitation of the person life you accidentally saved, which had been paid a year ago. And when you need a job, you get an offer to be a free caregiver. You really did not want to save, as you did not want to open the door in the early morning, alone, not seeing, who is knocking and why. Was my door the only one knocked to? You can be paid caregiver but far away from your country with broken spine. So never again!

So my heart will not beat anymore, as it used to. Too much dirt. Fingers crossed for those, who have faith! One message – I was scheduled for an upgrade surgery of my low-back spine twice, as the first one is not well-done. Who received it instead, as my ,,injury” was less important for medics and the so-called familiy and former friends?

My final thoughtful request is: I would kindly ask to take under consideration that I would like to receive my upgraded Oxford Diploma along with the Alumni Number for the paper I researched and wrote within 3 months, when the stipulated time was one year, upgraded University of Warsaw Diploma and a decently-paid job in line with my qualifications, along with the reunion to the society and people at my age, instead of constantly hearing – no place, go somewhere else, we do not like you, take your medicines and shut up, go to bed, you are a course and useless slut, as it was a very nice summary of my work for Polish Public Television along with pictures of mine which were not mine in line with the philosopy – you are that much slut, another time makes no difference. I have a deal with someone and I would like to start my own life for myself at once at the age of over 52. Of course I can do nothing if you are not wishing or willing to accept my requests. But, anyway all of them, now, have been expressed clearly and openly. With restrictions: no former boyfrieds, fiances, would-be husbands or the so-called family that can be easily checked in records. No trust from me anymore after so many humililiations and infractings to check whether I deserved life and job or not deserved.

And yes, I was waiting for theoretically my friends to call and say a good word about me. Spontanously, to invite me somewhere to spend some time with me, to ask how I am, to say something nice, to say my writing improved, my look, just to talk and not to use everything they hear against. Not the old ones. At my age. Instead I got imairment in exchange for money, that I had to take. I look in the mirror. What can I see? Empty. Wishing you smile and happiness, when you are happy because of someone’s else breakdown! And yes, I feel deeply hurt, constantly hurt, despite all my efforts and trials to deserve for a normal life – job, someone close, flat renovation, cat, sometimes restaurant. Instead I can not get connexion with anyone, even if I see that someone called, I am hungry, as I do not have money to buy food, bank refuses a loan as the perspective has been downgraded. Why? Because I smoke? If I had a tiny chance for a normal, stable life with someone with me (apart from the mentioned above who the most substantial help was given not only in 1999, with this I did not want and I do not want anything – it would not be different this time), that I want to be with, not because others want, I would have given up smoking many years ago. I smoke nearly 40 years. That happen, if you sell your child, when you do not need to or you buy it, because you have your own plan for its life. Can not forgive? I can. Did it many times and many times was asking it for myself. No one wished. Why? Maybe because they think I should forgive this I do not want to, as one or two of my former friends suggested. And really this time, I do not want to. Why? No trust. Simple.

And to be honest, I would not trust God at least on Earth taking into account the numbers of dead in wars, because of fanatics actions and brain-clearing catholic propaganda along with money for births, baptisms, weddings and funerals. The quantity of the latter substantially increased in the recent years. People decide about their faith. And the only way to stop fault deaths is fair-play, free choice and respect to ,,no” instead of constantly destroying, what someone else is trying to build, not to mention someone elses’ work robbery, depriving or helping others just to build its own connexions and image. Hell and devils welcome!

Happy Chevening meeting in Warsaw! Would be nice to be invited. No one called to say a word. Instead of me those who ruined, stole my life, paper, health and money and I do not wish any contact with. But I would come, if anyeone else had told me. So another proof how totally I was excluded and recognized as disgraced, persona-non-grata. As I said no contact with the so-called farther and his holly wife. I returned the parcel from them without opening. Another proof how totally they do not respect what I am saying and what I am asking for. To AstraZeneca – no consent from me to store my data anymore. Wishing you a nice evening raut!

It would be also, first of all, nice to enter the place of meeting because of my Grandma Birthday Commemoration. As usually since the recent 23 years – the door was closed. With kind regards and best wishes! I am not expecting anything from you, you don’t expect anything from me. For me, you are both dead for these all years of heart and help from my side, sent money and support as such. Never again.

To University of Warsaw. You do not have me among those you can be proud of. I have not turned out to be human. Another form to join an event and find out there is no place for me. Thank you!

marta.koblanska@evolutionandsecurity.com, evolutionandsecurity@proton.me

evolutionandsecurity.com/eu All rights reserved
Copyright © Marta Koblańska/ Marta Koblanska